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Many knitters find that they love knitting-but they hate all the seaming at the end of a project. That's no problem for... How to Knit a Voyager Hat Disconnect the provisional cast on, threading the stitches onto a spare set of circular knitting needles. Fold the work at the point... How to Knit a Skull Cap A skull cap is a close-fitting winter hat. It should cover your ears and your whole head but not sit so low... How to Knit a Newsboy Cap Knit a newsboy cap for anyone in your life, from toddler to adult. A classic newsboy cap includes a firm, stabilized hat... Instructions for Knitting a Toddler's Hat Toddlers and small children look adorable Ball Of Foot Pain symptoms in knit hats. But store-bought knit hats can be costly, and children often outgrow them quickly.... How to Knit in the Round Knitting in the round allows you to knit things such as hats and sweaters without having to seam the sides. It allows... How to Knit a Cabled Stocking Cap Hats can be as individual as their wearers, and a cabled stocking cap is a way to show off your knitting prowess. .. How to Knit Baby Caps Little hats for little heads-a knitter's dream project. Baby caps are easy projects for beginning knitters, they are appreciated by parents, and... How to Crochet Cap Hats If you can crochet in the round, you can make a cap-style crocheted hat. Simply crochet the hat to fit the wearer,... How to Knit a Simple Baby Hat A baby hat is an easy project if you are learning how to work in the round and a great place to... How to Knit Cable Hats Keep your friends and family's heads warm with style and flair by learning the skill of knitting cable hats. A hand-crafted hat... How to Knit a Hat With Two Knitting Needles Hand-knitted gifts tell the recipient that you care enough to take the time to make something unique just for them. Knitted hats... How to Round Crochet a Baby Hat Crocheting in the round can be a bit of a challenge for any crocheter. It is important to have a crochet marker... How to Knit a Watch Cap The watch cap got its name for the style of hat worn by naval personnel when they were on watch. These warm. .. Knit Beanie Hat Instructions Knitted beanie hats are a great way to learn how to knit in the round. As long as you know how to... How to Knit a Seamless Hat To knitters, hats are like candy. They can be simple or complex. They are quick to knit and use a small amount... How to Knit in the Round Double-Pointed Needles Double pointed needles generally come in a group of four, all pointed at both ends. They can be a bit tricky to. ..

views: 2762 | comments: 3 free party, is typically an all-night dance event where DJs and other performers play electronic dance music and rave music. The slang expression rave was originally used by people of Caribbean descent in London during the 1960s to describe a party. In the late 1980s, the term began to be used to describe the subculture that grew out of the acid house movement that began in Chicago and flourished in the United Kingdom club scene. The availability of drugs —particularly ecstasy — and/or alcoholic beverages have caused them to be targeted and criticized by law enforcement officials and parents' groups. 1 History 1.1 1980s 1.2 1990s: United Kingdom 1.3 1990s: Europe 1.4 2000s Big Toe 2 Rave culture in the USA 2.1 Types of ravers 2.2 Glowsticking 2.3 Drug use 3 Notable raves (rave series) 3.1 Europe 3.2 United States 3.3 Canada 3. 4 Other 4 See also 5 External links 6 Regional links Mainstream raves began in the late 1980s as a product of, reaction to, and rebellion against, trends in popular music, nightclub culture, and commercial radio. In an effort to maintain distance and secrecy from the mainstream club scene (or perhaps for lack of affordable, receptive venues), warehouses, rental halls, and outside locations most often served as raves' venues. In an effort to control and curtail rave parties, some police and governmental bodies effectively outlawed raves in some areas. Such laws consequently forced regional electronic dance music events to move to formal venues, such as nightclubs and amphitheatres. Some venues and jurisdictions additionally prohibited certain types of rave fashion and paraphernalia. Early raves were completely do it yourself; only a small number of people contributed to event production and promotion. Self-styled production and promotion companies have increasingly organized raves; the "companies" were usually unofficial or loosely defined. Some of the more well-known rave promotion companies have included Brotherhood of Boom, Mushgroove, Freebass Society, and Pure. The companies promote their events by creating and distributing fliers and online bulletins. As law enforcement agencies increasingly began paying attention to raves, concealing a party's location became important to an event's success. To that end, event organizers sometimes either promoted events solely by word-of-mouth, or would only reveal the date and location of the event to subscribers of an electronic mailing list or via voicemail. Some even went so far as to provide a series of clues or map checkpoints that ultimately led to the location of the rave. What could arguably be called raves existed in the early 1980s in the Ecstasy-fueled club scene in clubs like NRG, and in the drug-free, all-ages scene in Detroit at venues like The Music Institute. However, it was not until the mid to late 1980s that a wave of psychedelic and other electronic dance music, most notably acid house and techno, emerged and caught on in the clubs, warehouses and free-parties of London and Manchester.

Legwarmers are fashion accessories for women typically worn below the knee like a sock. Unlike a sock, however, they have holes at... How to Make Arm Warmers Love running when it's a bit chilly? Whether you are a runner or just in the mood to switch up your style,... How to Make Arm Warmers From a T-Shirt Grab an old long-sleeved t-shirt and recycle it into something new: arm warmers. Arm warmers are practical and fashionable, and keep your... DIY Arm Warmers Arm warmers are trendy and practical. They can provide an additional layer of warmth, indoors or out, in chilly weather or allow... How to Make Gothic Arm Warmers Arm warmers perform much the same function as legwarmers: keeping the arms warm just as legwarmers do for legs. Arm warmers are... Homemade Leg Warmers Leg warmers are a cozy accessory for everyone from babies to adults. If you want to make your own legwarmers, you can... How to Knit Arm Warmers Arm warmers are a year-round accessory. In the winter, they keep your arms protected from the cold. In summer, keep a pair... How to Make Jeff Hardy Arm Warmers If you're a wrestling fan, show your enthusiasm for the sport with your own DIY Jeff Hardy costume. Whether it's Halloween, a... How to Make Arm Warmers Out of Sleeves Arm warmers not only keep arms warm during the cold winter months but also allow the wearer to show off her individual... How to Wear an Arm Sling Slings are used to help prevent further injury to an already injured arm. Injured such as sprains or breaks in any part... Arm Warmers Tutorial If you strive to be fashion-forward yet functional, arm warmers are a great option. They are easy to design, cheap to make... How to Crochet Wrist Warmers Keep your wrists warm in style with fashionable wrist warmers in fun colors. Because wrist warmers are small in size and fast... Ways to Wear Leg Warmers As fashion moves into the 2010s, everything 80s is coming back in a big way. Among these 80s-inspired trends are leg warmers.... What Wrist Insoles For Height Do You Wear a Corsage? Women have always enjoyed receiving flowers, so it's no surprise that corsages are a popular fashion accessory today. Whether for high school... Why Do Men Wear Watches on Their Left Arm? Though portable timepieces were invented 300 years before the first wristwatch, they were not as widely popular as the pocket watch. The... What to Wear With Leggings Leggings are tights without feet. Depending on how tall you are and the cut of the leggings you choose, they may stop.

Finally, after months of discussion and planning, your family and you have decided to bring home a puppy. You have already picked out his name; he will be called Jaco. This is all well and good, but before you bring him home, you need to make sure your house is puppy proof. This will not only ensure that little Jaco keeps himself safe, but that you also keep your possessions looking pristine. There's a lot to do, so be sure to start a few days or more before you plan to bring the puppy into your pad. Below is a list of common things to be on the lookout for both inside and outside your home. This list isn't exhaustive, so your own judgment will come in handy too. Indoor Hazards: • Tape all electrical cords out of reach of puppy teeth, or cover them in protective piping. If not kept away from him, Jaco could chew through them and burn his mouth, or worse, electrocute himself. • Keep valuables off the floor, such as shoes, toys or other pieces of clothing. This goes for laundry baskets, as well. While he is still young and testing his teeth, they should be kept off the floor. Jaco will gladly get into toys, and just about anything else he can reach, so he can chew it. Not only is this wonton destruction of property expensive, but Jaco also runs the risk of ingesting little pieces of each object, potentially causing medical problems. • Keep coins, pushpins, staples, paper clips, and any other small, sharp metal objects off the floor. Puppies are notorious for eating anything that is small enough to fit in their mouths – even more so than human babies! To avoid a costly trip to the vet to get these items removed from Jaco's stomach, make sure that all members of the family are vigilant, and do a daily sweep of the carpet, as we;; as any other easy to reach places. Some of these items are also toxic to dogs, so it is worth making the Small Metal Object Hunt a ritual in your household. • Keep heavy, breakable objects out of reach. Puppies are fond of dangling things, so if you have a heavy lamp sitting on a tasseled tablecloth, Jaco may just pull Diabetic Foot the cloth for fun. What he may not expect, however, is the heavy lamp sitting on top. So make sure to place anything like this out of reach of puppy teeth. He could get a lot more than a new chew toy. • Keep chemicals out of reach of your puppy. Like babies, puppies will taste and chew just about anything new to them. This goes for cleaners, disinfectants and other household chemicals. Ideally, you should house them in a high cupboard. If this option is unavailable, place baby gates leading to the area or secure access to the cupboard with baby proof locks. Under no circumstances do you want Jaco poisoning himself.

YOU WERE BORN TO LEARN NEW THINGS STAGE 2: RECOGNISE YOURSELF We're very similar you and I. While I was studying for my Leaving Certificate (the final and most important school examination in Ireland) it was of great comfort to me to hear about the stresses and strains all my classmates were under. I'm not a masochist. I really don't enjoy the suffering of others. But when I realized that I was no different to them it calmed me greatly. Likewise you will be happy to hear that no matter where Ankle Pain causes you currently are in your language learning you will have followed the same path as every other student who has ever learned a language. The time spent at each stage may vary greatly, but the process is as predictable as the ticking of a clock. You can contact us any time for more information on how ULearn integrates the learning path into your English course in Dublin. Stage I: Pre-production Active vocabulary = 500 words This is also called “the silent period.” Sounds scary doesn't it? But unlike the term suggests it doesn't mean that you won't be speaking. Students here have a receptive vocabulary. Through contextual cues and activities communication will take place. However, learners at this stage are not really producing language but are parroting. The importance of parroting is enormous and goes back to the importance of mental rehearsal. Imagine yourself mentally rehearsing the phrases you hear in class 20 times as you walk to the green grocers. This type of mental rehearsal, above anything else, will move students from this stage faster. Teachers at this level focus attention on listening comprehension activities and on building a receptive vocabulary. The social environment is crucial at this stage. Stage II: Early production Active vocabulary = 1000 words This stage may last up to six months. During this stage, students can usually speak in one- or two-word phrases. This phase is where we begin to develop methods for assimilating language quickly. Trial and error is a slow way to learn. Wouldn't it be better to first develop the skills needed to learn and organize new vocabulary and manipulate new grammar ideas? Doing this makes learning easier and speed. Although production of language maybe low here, your rate of learning is very rapid indeed. Stage III: Speech emergence Active vocabulary = 3000 words Students can communicate with simple phrases and sentences. They will understand easy stories read in class with the support of pictures. They will also be able to do some content work with teacher support. Here are some tasks they can complete: · Read short, modified texts in content area subjects. · Match vocabulary words to definitions. · Study flashcards with content area vocabulary. · Participate in duet, pair and choral reading activities. · Understand teacher explanations and two-step directions. · Compose brief stories based on personal experience.

The key is to get creative enough with uploaded digital designs that are allowed to be shared and printed out in file-sharing databases like MakerBot's Thingiverse. See, "The open source world of MakerBot & Thingiverse: objects for free." Volunteers would also have time to use the machine to create designs from their own imagination. In this way, imagination and creativity is enhanced through repeated practice.
The Makerspace Movement comes to Sacramento Public Library
It works by printing out in three dimensions in plastic from a design that's uploaded from a digital computer file. The 3-D printer can pop out designs such as working birdcages and artwork, for example a 3-inch high vase for decor. It's not only Sacramento public library that has installed a 3-D copier/printer. Nationally, numerous public libraries have done the same. See, "Juicer 3D Print from Thingiverse."
The movement is referred to by librarians as the "makerspace" movement. It changes libraries globally into places where people can make art, engineering designs, or various gadgets, focusing on creativity and design. This way, libraries are expanded into places where people can create objects, jewelry, gadgets, artwork, and practical devices in addition to reading books, listening to music, researching information online, bringing one's own laptop and plugging in, or viewing DVDs. See, Printable Jack in the Box
The MakerBot Replicator II 3-D copier cost Sacramento Public Library about $2,500
The library will soon own two of the MakerBot Replicator II 3-D copiers, which cost roughly $2,500, reports an April 21, 2013 Sacramento Bee news article by Edward Ortiz, "Sacramento library adds 3-D copier to its bag of tricks." With all the recent cuts of staff and funding as well as earlier closing hours, the library did receive funding from a state grant.
The 3-D copier will be available to the public in about a month. One machine will stay at the main library, another will be placed temporarily at a suburban branch, notes the Sacramento Bee article. See the YouTube video, "The MakerBot Replicator - Thingiverse to Thing."
Libraries are evolving into a multi-media sanctuary with public design areas for public creativity
If you notice how Sacramento public libraries have changed in the past decade, you'll see how they first evolved into places where you were able to do computer searches, use the Internet, get financial planning advice or tax help, bring your children to read to dogs, listen to storytelling performers, visit libraries weekly to be read to by staff or volunteers who read to children at story time, or choose numerous courses on DVDs to borrow, sometimes with long waiting lists for a course on DVD that might cost hundreds of dollars to buy. In the public library, you can watch the courses on DVDs free. See, "Rhombot by LeemonBaird from Thingiverse" and "Thingiverse Mario 3D Print Using Hot Glue Extruder In Color."
Libraries then expanded into lecture sanctuaries, genealogy searching seminars, places to share family and ethnic recipes and record them for posterity, or even attend book clubs or creative writing sessions. Now, public libraries, including those in Sacramento are moving into the era of designing, from designing your own self-published books and printing them out on library book publishing equipment to designing art work or engineering gadgets on 3-D printers.
Libaries are moving into the era of public design creativity, expanding the library's reputation as a place for more than reading books and magazines for free. See, "Printing Ball and Socket Chain Links from Thingiverse."
The 3-D printer uses a stylus-like device to deposit heated biodegradable plastic - the public can make replicas of other objects
Ankle Pain The stylus travels along a track, moving back and forth as it turns out designs that have been uploaded into the machine. The public can use the machine to replicate other objects such as a comb or similar gadget or print out plastic jewelry or containers in 3-D.
How the plastic is added is by one layer on top of another. The sheets of plastic can be very thin, for example – down to the minutiae of 100 microns – until the object is formed. At this stage, 3-D printers works something like dot matrix printers on steroids that create tangible 3-D objects, not words. So kids can have fun designing their own plastic jewelry or other gadgets and devices if they first learn how to design the object, keep the size realistic for the machine's capabilities, and see whether printing out the gadget is safe. It would also be great for plastic sculptures or turning photos into 3-D busts of faces, for example of people or pets. See, "A screwable case from thingiverse."
At first, the library's 3-D copiers or rather, replicator, is going to be demonstrated to motivate, enhance, and inspire creativity. Think about what design you'd create from imagination that fits the capabilities of the machine. Next, the library will be offering programs similar to those used in other cities. One example might be having volunteers be at a MakerBot space and manage the demonstrations of the 3-D printer-copier-replicator.
The library plans to partner with the 15-month-old Sacramento nonprofit Hackerlab on the MakerBot project
Hacker Lab members will be training others to use the machine Hackerlab is a nonprofit group whose goal is to nurture technology startups. The nonprofit operates out of a downtown Sacramento office on I Street using its own 3-D copier machines. At Hackerlab there are resident makers working on the next generation of 3-D printers, according to the Sacramento Bee article. See, "Hacker Lab – Sacramento Coworking – Maker Space."
The nonprofit, Hackerlab has 3,500 square feet of tools for protyping, fabrication, woodworking and more, including an electronics lab. The public become members and come there and build a creative design or innovation from your own imagination.
Hacker Lab has a community of programmers, designers, and entrepreneurs that work on designs such as mobile and web applications. The public is invited to join them to create imaginative 3-objects, also known as content. No longer is content limited to text, film, illustration on paper, or music. Hacker Lab is also home to 20 Meetups and technical classes a month, including user groups, group learning, and various events going on every night. You can join the community learning.
The new focus of public libraries on creating tactile content in 3-D
The focus of the library is on creating content, whether it's 3-D or in words, pictures, music, or video. In the past, the library has presented puppet shows and storytellers. Libraries have provided conference rooms for lectures on everything from starting one's business to offering tax advice.
The purpose of the library is to enrich the community in as many ways as will work in a public library, including a machine that publishes one copy of anyone's book for a fee. Now, the creativity of content has expanded to 3-D printing of gadgets, wearable art, or copying objects. A library is not limited to text materials.
Tactile-touch-feel multimedia and 3-D object creation in public libraries
The goal is creativity in as many ways as possible, from 3-D multimedia to copying a vase or comb. An example of the new library focus is to have a library be a tactile-touch-feel-create place in multimedia, including the 3-D movement. New media has evolved in libraries from digital media to 3-D printing of objects, even toys, plastic jewelry, and gadgets, such as small dolls or replicas of various objects.
Three dimensional printing is here. Turn your trash into cash and save energy. Plastic beverage or milk bottles don't have to go to waste anymore and clog landfills. Instead, every time you emptied a plastic milk or water jug, you would be stocking up on raw material to make anything from a cell phone case and golf tees to a toy castle and a garlic press? Make your own toys for kids from plastic bottles. It's possible with three dimensional printing. See, "Build Your Own CNC Router, CNC Machine, or 3D Printer."
If you like do-it-yourself technology, check out the website, Thingiverse - Digital Designs for Physical Objects. Thingiverse is dedicated to the sharing of user-created digital design files. The site provides primarily open source hardware designs licensed under the GNU General Public License or Creative Commons licenses, according to the Wikipedia site explaining the purpose of Thingiverse.
Choose your own license on what you design: Do-it-yourself technology in libraries
Thingiverse Users choose the type of user license they wish to attach to the designs they share. 3D printers, laser cutters, milling machines and many other technologies can be used to physically create the files shared by the users on Thingiverse.
Of all the inspirational, creative, artistic and engineering or even kitchen inventions and gadgets you could create, there also are going to be the dark side of 3-D printing just as there is with any technology. You might look to a future where people print their own gun designs or other weapons using 3-D printing. See, "3d Printing a Magic Fish thingiverse/thing:3206 with reprap mendelmax mm151."
The innovative idea is in the brain of the person using the technology. Just like the Internet, the technology can be used to make the world a kinder and gentler place, recycle plastic, or it can be used to make weapons in the hands of those who do things like that. In the meantime, focusing on 3-D printing to make the world a better place through recycling, you now have a chance to make practical use of your digital designs.
Create a toy or a device to make cans easier to open or any other innovation from a snowflake in plastic to jewelry designs and more. If you're going to use the design a container or gadget to hold or process food or water, make sure the plastic at least is BPA-free.
Thingiverse is a place for you to share your digital designs with the world
Computing has shifted away from the mainframe into the personal computer that you use today Next up on your horizon is digital fabrication. If you think laser cutters, cnc machines, 3D printers, and even automated paper cutters are all getting cheaper by the day, you're right. Now you can make gadgets from discarded plastic bottles and similar containers using 3-D printers. These machines are useful for a huge variety of things, but you need to supply them with a digital design in order to get anything useful out of them. See the You Tube video, Thingiverse Proof of Concept (Bottle Cutter).mp4.
If you check out the Thingiverse site, they're creating a community of people who create and share designs freely, so that all can benefit from them. You'll find some free software on the site that can inspire you to be more creative in a variety of applications.
3D printing lets anyone make almost anything with a simple machine and a roll of plastic filament
Now Michigan Technological University's Joshua Pearce has found a way to drive costs down even further by recycling empty milk jugs into filament. The process reduces landfill waste, saves on energy compared with traditional recycling, and makes 3D printing and even better deal. Joshua Pearce is working on it. His main tool is open-source 3D printing, which he uses to save thousands of dollars by making everything from his lab equipment to his safety razor, according to the March 1, 2013 news release by, Marcia Goodrich, "Turn trash into cash... and save energy."
Make toys for kids or household gadgets of all types with a three-dimensional printer. All those plastic jugs and other containers now become raw material from which you can make anything from kitchen equipment to process or juice vegetables to toys to donate or cell phone cases. It's all about recycling plastic bottles and similar containers in your own house or garage and turning these objects into usable other objects. That's the idea of recycling raw materials at home. Also check out the site, Michigan Technological University.
Use free software downloaded from sites such as Thingiverse
Using free software downloaded from sites such as Thingiverse - Digital Designs for Physical Objects which now holds over 54,000 open-source designs, 3D printers make all manner of objects by laying down thin layers of plastic in a specific pattern. While high-end printers can cost many thousands of dollars, simpler open-source units run between $250 and $500—and can be used to make parts for other 3D printers, driving the cost down ever further. See the You Tube video, The open source world of MakerBot & Thingiverse: objects for free.
“One impediment to even more widespread use has been the cost of filament,” explains Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering and electrical and computer engineering in the March 1, 2013 news release by, Marcia Goodrich, "Turn trash into cash... and save energy." Though vastly less expensive than most manufactured products, the plastic filament that 3D printers transform into useful objects isn’t free.
Turning milk jugs into plastic filament to be used by industry
Milk jugs, on the other hand, are a costly nuisance, either to recycle or to bury in a landfill. But if you could turn them into plastic filament, Pearce reasoned, you could solve the disposal problem and drive down the cost of 3D printing even more. It's also motivation to children and teenagers to consider future careers or training in making 3D art, engineering, architecture, making gadgets, jewelry design, making mounts and cases for computer devices, or science-related designs. Or it can be a hobby for any age person interested in creativity from recycled waste done at home or in a garage.
So Pearce and his research group decided to make their own recycling unit, or RecycleBot. They cut the labels off milk jugs, washed the plastic, and shredded it. Then they ran it through a homemade device that melts and extrudes it into a long, spaghetti-like string of plastic. Their process is open-source and free for everyone to make and use at Thingiverse.com.
You can turn plastic objects such as milk or distilled water containers or bags into art objects as well such as unique snowflakes. Generate and print unique snowflakes. There's a snowflake generator that generates gcode. But you can make your own. How about making a snowflake generator that generates three-dimensional (3D) geometric shapes that can be used as art, toys, or containers. You slice and print the objects. The objects print out in three dimensions using a 3-D printer. Check out the images of such snowflake printed out from a 3-D printer at the "Featured Things" site.
Make your own recycling unit
The process isn’t perfect. Milk jugs are made of high-density polyethylene, or HDPE, which is not ideal for 3D printing. “HDPE is a little more challenging to print with,” Pearce says in the news release. But the disadvantages are not overwhelming. His group made its own climate-controlled chamber using a dorm-room refrigerator and an off-the-shelf teddy-bear humidifier and had good results. With more experimentation, the results would be even better, he says. “3D printing is where computers were in the 1970s.”
The group determined that making their own filament in an insulated RecycleBot used about 1/10th the energy needed to acquire commercial 3D filament. They also calculated that they used less energy than it would take to recycle milk jugs conventionally.
RecycleBots and 3D printers have all kinds of applications, but they would be especially useful in areas where shopping malls are few and far between, Pearce believes. “Three billion people live in rural areas that have lots of plastic junk,” he says in the news release. “They could use it to make useful consumer goods for themselves. Or imagine people living by a landfill in Brazil, recycling plastic and making useful products or even just ‘fair trade filament’ to sell. Twenty milk jugs gets you about 1 kilogram of plastic filament, which currently costs $30 to $50 online.”
Check out Pearce's two articles on recycling waste polymer into feedstock
Pearce’s research is described in depth in two articles: “Distributed Recycling of Waste Polymer into RepRap Feedstock,”coauthored with Christian Baechler and Matthew DeVuono of Queen’s University and published in the March issue of Rapid Prototyping ; and “Distributed Recycling of Post-Consumer Plastic Waste in Rural Areas,” coauthored by Michigan Tech’s Jerry Anzalone (CEE) and students Megan Kreiger (MSE), Meredith Mulder (MSE) and Alexandra Glover (MSE), which will appear in the Proceedings of the Materials Research Society.
Michigan Technological University is a leading public research university developing new technologies and preparing students to create the future for a prosperous and sustainable world. Michigan Tech offers more than 130 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in engineering; forest resources; computing; technology; business; economics; natural, physical and environmental sciences; arts; humanities; and social sciences. For more information, check out Rapid Prototyping Journal.
3-D printing for the rest of us
Three dimensional printing is here. Turn your trash into cash and save energy. Plastic beverage or milk bottles don't have to go to waste anymore and clog landfills. Instead, every time you emptied a plastic milk or water jug, you would be stocking up on raw material to make anything from a cell phone case and golf tees to a toy castle and a garlic press? Make your own toys for kids from plastic bottles. It's possible with three dimensional printing. See, "Build Your Own CNC Router, CNC Machine, or 3D Printer."
If you like do-it-yourself technology, check out the website, Thingiverse - Digital Designs for Physical Objects. Thingiverse is dedicated to the sharing of user-created digital design files. The site provides primarily open source hardware designs licensed under the GNU General Public License or Creative Commons licenses, according to the Wikipedia site explaining the purpose of Thingiverse.
Choose your own license on what you design
Thingiverse Users choose the type of user license they wish to attach to the designs they share. 3D printers, laser cutters, milling machines and many other technologies can be used to physically create the files shared by the users on Thingiverse. But if all the inspirational, creative, artistic and engineering or even kitchen inventions and gadgets you could create, there also are going to be the dark side of 3-D printing just as there is with any technology. You might look to a future where people print their own gun designs or other weapons using 3-D printing.
The innovative idea is in the brain of the person using the technology. Just like the Internet, the technology can be used to make the world a kinder and gentler place, recycle plastic, or it can be used to make weapons in the hands of those who do things like that. In the meantime, focusing on 3-D printing to make the world a better place through recycling, you now have a chance to make practical use of your digital designs.
Create a toy or a device to make cans easier to open or any other innovation from a snowflake in plastic to jewelry designs and more. If you're going to use the design a container or gadget to hold or process food or water, make sure the plastic at least is BPA-free.
Thingiverse is a place for you to share your digital designs with the world
Computing has shifted away from the mainframe into the personal computer that you use today Next up on your horizon is digital fabrication. If you think laser cutters, cnc machines, 3D printers, and even automated paper cutters are all getting cheaper by the day, you're right. Now you can make gadgets from discarded plastic bottles and similar containers using 3-D printers. These machines are useful for a huge variety of things, but you need to supply them with a digital design in order to get anything useful out of them. See the You Tube video, Thingiverse Proof of Concept (Bottle Cutter).mp4.
If you check out the Thingiverse site, they're creating a community of people who create and share designs freely, so that all can benefit from them. You'll find some free software on the site that can inspire you to be more creative in a variety of applications.
3D printing lets anyone make almost anything with a simple machine and a roll of plastic filament
Now Michigan Technological University's Joshua Pearce has found a way to drive costs down even further by recycling empty milk jugs into filament. The process reduces landfill waste, saves on energy compared with traditional recycling, and makes 3D printing and even better deal. Joshua Pearce is working on it. His main tool is open-source 3D printing, which he uses to save thousands of dollars by making everything from his lab equipment to his safety razor, according to the March 1, 2013 news release by, Marcia Goodrich, "Turn trash into cash... and save energy."
Make toys for kids or household gadgets of all types with a three-dimensional printer. All those plastic jugs and other containers now become raw material from which you can make anything from kitchen equipment to process or juice vegetables to toys to donate or cell phone cases. It's all about recycling plastic bottles and similar containers in your own house or garage and turning these objects into usable other objects. That's the idea of recycling raw materials at home. Also check out the site, Michigan Technological University.
Use free software downloaded from sites such as Thingiverse
Using free software downloaded from sites such as Thingiverse - Digital Designs for Physical Objects which now holds over 54,000 open-source designs, 3D printers make all manner of objects by laying down thin layers of plastic in a specific pattern. While high-end printers can cost many thousands of dollars, simpler open-source units run between $250 and $500—and can be used to make parts for other 3D printers, driving the cost down ever further. See the You Tube video, The open source world of MakerBot & Thingiverse: objects for free.
“One impediment to even more widespread use has been the cost of filament,” explains Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering and electrical and computer engineering in the March 1, 2013 news release by, Marcia Goodrich, "Turn trash into cash... and save energy." Though vastly less expensive than most manufactured products, the plastic filament that 3D printers transform into useful objects isn’t free.
Turning milk jugs into plastic filament to be used by industry
Milk jugs, on the other hand, are a costly nuisance, either to recycle or to bury in a landfill. But if you could turn them into plastic filament, Pearce reasoned, you could solve the disposal problem and drive down the cost of 3D printing even more. It's also motivation to children and teenagers to consider future careers or training in making 3D art, engineering, architecture, making gadgets, jewelry design, making mounts and cases for computer devices, or science-related designs. Or it can be a hobby for any age person interested in creativity from recycled waste done at home or in a garage.
So Pearce and his research group decided to make their own recycling unit, or RecycleBot. They cut the labels off milk jugs, washed the plastic, and shredded it. Then they ran it through a homemade device that melts and extrudes it into a long, spaghetti-like string of plastic. Their process is open-source and free for everyone to make and use at Thingiverse.com.
You can turn plastic objects such as milk or distilled water containers or bags into art objects as well such as unique snowflakes. Generate and print unique snowflakes. There's a snowflake generator that generates gcode. But you can make your own. How about making a snowflake generator that generates three-dimensional (3D) geometric shapes that can be used as art, toys, or containers. You slice and print the objects. The objects print out in three dimensions using a 3-D printer. Check out the images of such snowflake printed out from a 3-D printer at the "Featured Things" site.
Make your own recycling unit
The process isn’t perfect. Milk jugs are made of high-density polyethylene, or HDPE, which is not ideal for 3D printing. “HDPE is a little more challenging to print with,” Pearce says in the news release. But the disadvantages are not overwhelming. His group made its own climate-controlled chamber using a dorm-room refrigerator and an off-the-shelf teddy-bear humidifier and had good results. With more experimentation, the results would be even better, he says. “3D printing is where computers were in the 1970s.”
The group determined that making their own filament in an insulated RecycleBot used about 1/10th the energy needed to acquire commercial 3D filament. They also calculated that they used less energy than it would take to recycle milk jugs conventionally.
RecycleBots and 3D printers have all kinds of applications, but they would be especially useful in areas where shopping malls are few and far between, Pearce believes. “Three billion people live in rural areas that have lots of plastic junk,” he says in the news release. “They could use it to make useful consumer goods for themselves. Or imagine people living by a landfill in Brazil, recycling plastic and making useful products or even just ‘fair trade filament’ to sell. Twenty milk jugs gets you about 1 kilogram of plastic filament, which currently costs $30 to $50 online.”
Check out Pearce's two articles on recycling waste polymer into feedstock
Pearce’s research is described in depth in two articles: “Distributed Recycling of Waste Polymer into RepRap Feedstock,”coauthored with Christian Baechler and Matthew DeVuono of Queen’s University and published in the March issue of Rapid Prototyping ; and “Distributed Recycling of Post-Consumer Plastic Waste in Rural Areas,” coauthored by Michigan Tech’s Jerry Anzalone (CEE) and students Megan Kreiger (MSE), Meredith Mulder (MSE) and Alexandra Glover (MSE), which will appear in the Proceedings of the Materials Research Society.
Michigan Technological University is a leading public research university developing new technologies and preparing students to create the future for a prosperous and sustainable world. Michigan Tech offers more than 130 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in engineering; forest resources; computing; technology; business; economics; natural, physical and environmental sciences; arts; humanities; and social sciences. For more information, check out Rapid Prototyping Journal.

With the new Nike Shox OZ one will be able to experience the ultimate in design for durable, reliable and comfortable performance. Running, walking or training on virtually any surface is possible with the technology that has been incorporated into its design. A range of features have revolutionized footwear in comparison to the previous design of shoes for exercise and training. Previous trainers were designed to provide comfort as well as quality to be able to handle rigorous training and exercise activities. The problem many have encountered with older styles of shoe is that it could not handle a wide range of terrain resulting in an eventual wearing away of the sole. This provides less grip and often, the entire underside eventually peels off from the shoe. The Nike Shox OZ is among the latest range of footwear that incorporates modern technology for providing enhanced grip and durability, but also provides a workout for toning buns and thighs while wearing the trainers. It is considered a more affordable range in the line offered through this reputable brand. The product has been designed for both men and women. To provide a lightweight design, the shoe includes synthetic leather uppers incorporating properties for breathability. The lining has also been designed to provide enhanced comfort and contains a removable sock liner. The sole consists of carbon rubber which provides increased durability for use on a wide range of different surfaces. These shoes are available in a range of sizes as well as colors and incorporates the latest in footwear technology for improved comfort and durability. The technology Diabetic Foot has been incorporated into a number of the latest styles of footwear as it allows for a durable product that is also cost effective and aesthetically pleasing. For those who experience considerable foot and ankle pain particularly during exercise, the incorporation of inner cushioning and leveled sole support provides enhanced comfort. With a wide range of benefits there is less likelihood of sustaining severe injury during activities such as jogging, walking and running. Lightweight design makes it a suitable option for those who engage in long periods of activity as less strain and pressure is placed on the foot. Discount Shox has been termed as one of the most important in technological breakthroughs being incorporated into footwear. Cushioning and perforation along the sides of the shoes provides enhanced comfort as it is able to keep feet cushioned during performance of strenuous activities. Many may find the appearance of the side perforation peculiar however, its benefits are in the provision of enhanced comfort and extra cushioning during performance. Not only has footwear been designed for comfort, but also for style and is available in various color combinations such as shocking pink and black. The Nike Shox OZ can be worn for engaging in a wide range of activities while providing protection with the incorporation of the latest technological features in footwear. For those who experience considerable pain during physical activity, the inner cushioning, perforation and mesh is able to provide enhanced support for additional comfort.

"Grungy" dressing has moved from the literal definition to an aesthetic preference adopted by many who prefer to keep their clothes clean. Instead Toe Pain Diagnosis of spending big bucks on bleached and torn designer denims, alter an old pair you were ready to donate or trash - or pick up a well-fitted pair from the secondhand shop to test your DIY skills.

How to Shorten Suits
Fit is the most important part of a suit, and jacket sleeves and pants can be shortened for a better and more flattering fit. With a proper fitting traditional suit jacket, about 1/4 to 1/2 inch of shirt sleeves should be visible at the wrist when worn with arms down at the sides. Suit pants traditionally come unhemmed and hem length is largely a matter of personal preference. Wear shoes when trying on pants and make sure the pants are sitting at the waist line before marking hem length.

What Is an Oxford Dress Shirt?
An Oxford dress shirt is a really great style of shirt for a few specific occasions. Find out about an Oxford dress shirt with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

Tucking a Dress Shirt Into Khakis
Tucking a dress shirt into khakis is going to require you to leave your pants unfastened for the time being. Tuck a dress shirt into khakis with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How Do I Hang My Dress Shirts?
You always want to make sure that you're hanging your dress shirts in a very particular way to avoid wrinkles and folds later on. Hang your dress shirts with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How Do I Iron a Starched Dress Shirt?
Starched dress shirts need to be ironed in a very particular way for the absolute best possible results. Iron a starched dress shirt with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Put on a Cufflinks Dress Shirt
Putting on a cufflinks dress shirt is something that you can do by following just a few basic steps. Put on a cufflinks dress shirt with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Press the Cuffs on a Man's Shirt
When pressing the cuffs on a man's shirt, you're always going to want to watch out for a few important things. Press the cuffs on a man's shirt with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Tighten Up Sleeve Cuffs
Tightening up sleeve cuffs is a great way to get your shirt to fit better. Tighten up sleeve cuffs with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Measure the Sleeve Length for a Button-Down Shirt
Measuring the sleeve length for a button down shirt requires you to be as precise as humanly possible. Measure the sleeve length for a button down shirt with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How Do I Fold a Long Sleeve Dress Shirt?
You can fold a long sleeve dress shirt in a number of different ways depending on exactly what it is that you're trying to accomplish. Get tips on how to fold a long sleeve dress shirt with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

What Is the Difference Between a Set-In Sleeve & a Drop Sleeve in Sewing?
When it comes to sewing, a set-in sleeve and a drop sleeve are two entirely different things. Learn about the difference between a set-in sleeve and a drop sleeve in sewing with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Roll Up My Sleeve Like a Greaser
Greasers are known for many things, including the really specific way in which they roll up their shirt sleeves. Roll up your sleeve like a greaser with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Shorten the Sleeves on a Men's Dress Shirt
When shortening the sleeves on a men's dress shirt, you're going to need a seam ripper and a bunch of pins. Shorten the sleeves on a men's dress shirt with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Fit a Sleeve
Fitting a sleeve is a very delicate process that will change based on the specifics of your own situation. Fit a sleeve with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Shorten the Sleeves of a Lady's Blazer Jacket
When shortening the sleeves on a lady's blazer, you're always going to want to be careful to not shorten the sleeve too much. Shorten the sleeves of a lady's blazer with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

Tailoring a Coal Sleeve
Tailoring a coal sleeve is something that will require a few tools, like a seam ripper. Tailor a coal sleeves with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Attach Knit Cuffs to a Sleeve
Attaching knit cuffs to a sleeve doesn't require you to be a professional seamstress. Attach knit cuffs to a sleeve with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Tailor a Sleeve
When tailoring a sleeve, a few techniques that you use are going to depend heavily on the specifics of the situation at hand. Find out how to properly tailor a sleeve with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Fold Sleeves on a Tuxedo Shirt
Folding the sleeves on a tuxedo shirt is so easy that it will soon become like second nature. Get tips on how to fold sleeves on a tuxedo shirt with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Roll Sleeve Cuffs Outside
Rolling sleeve cuffs outside is something you can do with either a men's or women's shirt. Find out how to roll sleeve cuffs outside with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Measure Coat Sleeve Inseams
When measuring coat sleeve inseams, you're always going to want to use a few very specific techniques for the absolute best possible results. Get tips on how to properly measure coat sleeve inseams with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Properly Roll Up Sleeves
Rolling up your sleeves is one thing. Properly rolling up your sleeves is something else entirely. Find out how to properly roll up your sleeves with help from a fashion professional in this free video clip.

How to Cut a Collar Out of a Shirt
Cutting a collar out of a shirt can give an old article of clothing a fun new look. Cut a collar out of a shirt with help from a independent clothing and graphic designer in this free video clip.

How to Cut Your Shirt Like a Hipster
Hipsters are defined by a lot of different things, including what they wear. Cut your shirt like a hipster with help from a independent clothing and graphic designer in this free video clip.

How to Cut a Shirt for the Club
Cutting a shirt for the club will require a different process than cutting that same shirt for other purposes. Cut a shirt for the club with help from a independent clothing and graphic designer in this free video clip.

How to Cut a Shirt Into Flashdance Style
Flashdance is a popular movie from the 1980s know for, among other things, its fashion sense. Cut a shirt into Flashdance style with help from a independent clothing and graphic designer in this free video clip.

How to Cut a T-Shirt in Creative Ways
Cutting a t-shirt can be accomplished in a wide variety of different creative ways depending on your preferences. Find out how to cut a t-shirt in creative ways with help from a independent clothing and graphic designer in this free video clip.

How to Cut Big Shirts With a Cute Pattern
Cutting big shirts with a cute pattern is a great way to breathe new life into an old favorite. Cut big shirts with a cute pattern with help from a independent clothing and graphic designer in this free video clip.

How to Cut an Oversized Shirt to Fit
Cutting an over-sized shirt is one way to get it to fit properly. Cut an over-sized shirt to fit with help from a independent clothing and graphic designer in this free video clip.

How to Cut Your Shirt Into Splits
Cutting your shirt into splits may be necessary for a wide variety of different reasons. Find out how to cut your shirt into splits with help from a independent clothing and graphic designer in this free video clip.

How to Cut Your Custom DIY Shirt
Cutting your custom do-it-yourself shirt is a great way to put your own stamp on your wardrobe. Cut your custom DIY shirt with help from a independent clothing and graphic designer in this free video clip.

How to Cut a Sideless Shirt
Cutting a side-less shirt requires some very specific techniques and the right amount of know-how. Cut a side-less shirt with help from a independent clothing and graphic designer in this free video clip.

How to Alter & Cut Shirts
Altering and cutting shirts is going to require you to keep a few very important things in mind. Find out how to alter and cut shirts with help from a independent clothing and graphic designer in this free video clip.

How to Alter the Shoulder of a Jacket
Altering the shoulder of a jacket requires some basic sewing skills and proper measurements to ensure that the alterations meet your needs. When preparing to alter the jacket, measure the distance between the shoulder's edge and the neck. Then, make sure that your adjustments line up with those measurements. If you take too much off the shoulder, you will end up with a scrunched up shoulder. Taking too little off the shoulder makes the shoulders look droopy, rather than form fitting.

Tightening Leather Work Boots
A good pair of leather work boots are expensive to buy and often difficult to fit. It is easy to buy boots that fit in the store, but are loose when you start using them. Instead of fighting with the store to return the boots, you have a few options for tightening the leather work boots on your own.

DIY: Tube Top to Skirt
If you have an oversized tube top and want to refashion it, you can easily transform it into a skirt. A tube top can double as a body hugging pencil skirt. Don't use a cropped tube top for the conversion; you need a top that will be long enough to work as a skirt. Be creative when deciding how to wear the skirt. Use it to top contrasting leggings and try all sorts of tops - from baggy to form-fitting.

How to Apply a Carpet Bag on a Purse Frame
Carpet bags were first used as hand bags following the American Civil War. These bags, which were capable of expanding to hold items, were initially made from carpet, leather and textile scraps. Although they are now made from canvas and other materials, carpet style bags, or carpet bag purses, are still used by women today. Although they vary in size and styles, most contain a lightweight frame that are held in position with a liner fabric inside the bag. If the old frame on the carpet bag purse has bent, it can be removed and replaced with a new frame.…

How to Alter a Leather Belt
Some articles of clothing come with a leather belt, which is sometimes too large, even if the garment fits. Altering the belt at home saves money on a tailor and allows you to get a custom fit. Shortening a leather belt may also be necessary if you've recently lost weight. Using leather-cutting tools for altering a belt helps you get a more precise cut. Such tools are available at some craft stores or fabric supply stores.

How to Tailor a Kimono
A kimono is an elegant, traditional Japanese garment that is worn by both men and women. The basic construction creates a T-shaped garment that flows from the shoulders to the hemline. Traditionally worn belted, the garment is also beautiful worn loose over other clothing. While the kimono is loose fitting, some tailoring may help with the fit. How the garment is worn, as well as the type of sleeves, plays a big role in how alterations are made.

How to Line a Kimono
When you make a kimono, you are making an elegant piece of clothing. Most kimonos are made of silk. In order to protect the silk, you can add a lining. Because of the simplicity of the kimono design, you can add a lining with just a few stitches. Choose a fabric that is light yet durable for your lining material and attach it after you have finished your kimono’s outside shell. Use your kimono pattern to make the lining.

How to Set the Potentiometer on Your SWF Embroidery Machine
The SWF embroidery machine is a machine used by professional seamstresses and hobbyists alike. The potentiometer on the SWF, sometimes simply referred to as a "pot," controls or sets the machine needles to be used. Over time, the potentiometer can slip out of adjustment. If this occurs, an error message may flash on the digital readout screen. If this happens, the potentiometer may have to be reset manually. This process takes less than 30 minutes.

How to Cut Shreds in Pants
Shredded pants allow the wearer to show some of the skin on their legs. Alternatively, they allow the wearer to add color to their outfit by wearing a pair of colored leggings beneath the pants so the color will show through the shreds. This deconstructed look is a staple of the punk, rock and pop music scenes. People of all ages can wear this style, but it is more common among teen and young adult age groups.

How to Make Bib Shorts Tighter
Unlike the elastic waistbands that support cycling compression shorts, bib shorts use suspender-like bibs to hold up the shorts. But if your bib shorts are oversized, they could hinder your cycling. And while bib shorts are meant to provide relief from the irritation that elastic waistbands can bring, stitching an elastic band into you bib shorts can actually help you salvage them.

Adding a Fabric Panel to the Back of a Dress
Altering a dress is typically done to make it smaller, but adding a fabric panel allows you to make a dress larger. A panel is often used if the dress needs to be enlarged more than one size. Tailoring your clothing at home saves money because professionals are often expensive. The materials needed to do the alteration are available at fabric stores and are budget-friendly.

How to Alter Stiff Dark Wash Jeans
Dark wash jeans are an alternative to slacks that many people wear to work or parties. A new pair is likely to be stiff, requiring a breaking-in period to soften the fabric. If you have a pair of dark wash jeans that need alterations, doing so yourself is more economical than paying a tailor. You will need the right equipment, most of which is available at a fabric store.

How to Cut the Hem of a Shirt
If you’re facing the prospect of cutting the hem on a shirt, you’ve probably found inspiration in a terrific piece that fits you well and makes a statement, but is just too long. Take credit for your creative vision, then grab some tailor’s chalk and a pair of scissors to shorten the shirt like a pro in a few simple but careful steps.

How to Cut a Shirt So the Back Is Tighter
A shirt that is too big in the back isn't likely to look polished and put together. If the shirt fits in the shoulders and chest area, a simple alteration will make the back tighter and create a streamlined silhouette when you wear it. The technique works for women's, men's and children's shirts in a variety of fabrics and styles, and it's more economical than paying a tailor to take in the shirt. The materials needed to make the alteration are available at fabric and craft stores.

How to Design Your Own Street-Style Clothes
Fashion is often associated with runway models or celebrities, but just as important as high-profile fashion is street-style fashion. Street-style fashion revolves around using current trends in fashion for looks that are appropriate for real people walking down the street. While these trendy looks are often still high in price, you can design your own street-style clothing to make yourself or to send to a tailor or seamstress.

How to Alter Jeans in the Thighs
If you want your regular jeans to fit more like skinny jeans or you must let out your jeans and hope for skinnier days ahead, altering your jeans in the thigh region is a better choice than consigning them to a heap in your closet. Considering the price of jeans, it makes good sense to alter them yourself. Follow a few tailor’s secrets to help your jeans fit again just as well as they did the day you bought them.

How to Make Elastic Waist Slacks Larger
Don't throw out your elastic waist slacks if you have gained a few pounds and they no longer fit comfortably. You can easily add a few inches to the waistband by increasing the length of the elastic band inside the casing of the slacks. This is a simple process that can be done by novice sewers. With a little measuring, calculating and sewing, your pants will once again fit nicely around your new waist size.

How to Hem Jeans Using Tape
“Floods” may not be cool, but jeans that are too long and drag along the pavement aren’t exactly cool, either. Hem your jeans with fabric tape - a winning method that actually makes hemming an enjoyable experience and far faster than using a needle and thread. In the end, your jeans will fit like they were intended to - and look cool, too.

How to Transfer and Print an Emblem on a T-Shirt
Personalizing your T-shirts by adding your own designs and emblems is one way to express your individual tastes. Logos, emblems and other designs can be transferred onto T-shirts with relative ease, thanks to modern technology. Images can be selected from your computer and then printed on a sheet of transfer paper. The image on the paper is then ironed onto the T-shirt. This process takes approximately 30 minutes.

How to Hand Sew a Belt Loop on Pants
Belt loops on pants tend to suffer a lot of wear and tear, not only when a belt is threaded through the loops but as they shift and are adjusted throughout the day. Even on the highest quality pants, belt loops can become dislodged over time. But rather than taking your pants to a tailor, get a heavy-duty needle and thread, and take a few minutes to make this easy repair yourself.

How to Cut off the Neckline of a T-Shirt Nicely
Recycle old T-shirts or turn boring plain tees into a fashion statement. Create your own designer T-shirt by cutting off the neckline of a jersey-knit T-shirt. Jersey knit is made of cotton or a blend of cotton and synthetic fibers to create an interlocking weave that does not ravel when cut, making it perfect for the self-styled t-shirt. Your imagination is your guide. Symmetry is the only rule, and it, as they say, was made to be broken.

How to Make a Ruffled Hoodie
Add some pizzazz to your favorite hoodie or one for a little girl with a ruffle. It's an easy transformation that can be done using a simple stitch on a sewing machine. Add a different color, pattern or fabric to create a new look. Use a fabric such as satin for a dressy look or a cotton, flannel or knit pattern for something more casual. Dress up your hoodie with a ruffle just at the zipper or all the way around the hood.

How to Make a Shirt a Pencil Skirt
You can repurpose old T-shirts by turning them into figure-flattering pencil skirts. Pencil skirts are simple form-fitting skirts that adapt well to all types of tops, blouses and fashion accessories. Use a plain, solid-colored T-shirt for a conservative and demure look, or busy patterns and prints for splashy, edgy styles. With a sewing kit and T-shirt, you can create a fashionable new skirt or dress.

Sewing the Waistline on a Pair of Jeans
Sewing the waistline of a pair of jeans can be done using just a needle and thread or with a sewing machine. While a sewing machine will save time, you can also do it by hand. After some practice, you should be able to get waistline stitching that closely matches the original. Sewing the waistline of a pair of jeans can be done if the jeans are too large and, in some cases, if they're too mall, as material can be added to the waistline so that they fit comfortably.

Repairing the Liner in Leather Jackets
Leather jackets are fittingly referred to as “bomber jackets” because of their reputation for being able to withstand a good deal of wear and tear – if not a real, live bomb. Rugged and durable, the jackets are often passed from people in one generation to the next, with nary any upkeep along the way, other than the occasional cleaning. The lining of leather jackets often becomes ripped, torn or frayed, requiring repairs that you can often do yourself and by several different methods.

How to Alter the Neck Lines on a Sweater
Altering the neckline of a garment alters the appearance in a drastic way. This affects not only the overall look of the garment but how well it displays your features. Most alterations take away from the shirt instead of adding onto it, but both are possible with enough planning and sewing knowledge. Adding onto the shirt is particularly difficult because you still want it to look like a cohesive garment instead of a shirt with a poorly added collar. Practice your alteration technique on some shirts you aren't fond of before you attempt to alter your favorite garment.

How to Hem Jeans With Original Double Stitch Hems
Jeans can take you from the boardroom to the backwoods with barely a flicker of effort. This fashion staple can be dressed down or dressed up, but if the length is incorrect, your jeans must be hemmed. One of the easiest and most professional ways to hem jeans is to sew a double stitch hem on your sewing machine. Jean manufacturers employ double stitch hems to provide a secure hem that doesn't easily fray. Duplicate the look fairly easily and accomplish the task within an hour.

How to Keep Dress Pants Legs From Dragging the Ground
When your dress pant legs drag on the ground all day, the resulting wear and tear can be irreparable. Hems can be shredded and the material can be damaged beyond repair. A pair of ragged, dragging pants can ruin the fashionable look you are trying to achieve. If you have a pair of dress pants you love, but they drag on the ground when you walk, take the time to hem them to the right length.

How to Convert a Spaghetti Strap Dress to Strapless
More than likely you've tried on an outfit that would be perfect, if only there was a slight alteration to it. Spaghetti straps on a dress that you think would look better strapless is a prime example. If you love the overall look and style of the dress, purchase it and remove the straps yourself when you get home. Most spaghetti straps are fairly easy to remove with a seam ripper or a similar tool.

How to Trim the Sleeves of an Ace Pro Bench Shirt
Weight lifters need careful workout regimens and diet plans. Individuals who prepare for strongman and weight lifting competitions also need apparel that makes their physique visible while adjusting for the expansion and contraction of muscles. Ace Pro Bench shirts offer both flexibility and visibility with a thick, sturdy material that allows for movement in the upper body. Trimming the sleeves on such a shirt requires only a little bit of care and patience.

How to Customize Your Shirt to Look More Like the 80s
Bring back the fabulous styles of the 1980s - a decade of loud colors of oversized shirts - by customizing your own shirt. With a bit of cutting and gluing, you can make a shirt that fits the decade no matter if the shirt is for a man or a woman to wear. Drape the shirt over one shoulder for Tacky Day at your job or school. Add some 80's style pants and give your hairstyle some poof for the ideal outfit for any 80's-inspired event.

How to Make a Waist Smaller on a Skirt by Sewing a Bow on the Back
Losing weight is a reason to celebrate, so do not mourn the loss of your favorite skirt. Instead, make the waist smaller and save your skirt from the donation bin. Pleats add interest to a garment and take up extra fabric, making it an ideal tailoring technique for taking in the waist. However, pleating skirts or pants usually occurs before the waist is secured so the waist does not have an obvious bunching. You can pleat an existing waistband to take up the extra fabric and then hide the folds with a bow.

Tailoring a Suit Down a Size
Whether you've recently lost weight, or brought a suit home and discovered it's slightly too big, you many need to tailor it down a size. This process can be expensive and may require more time than you have. However, If you're handy with a needle, you can do it yourself. It may take some time and practice, but with patience and a steady, you can master this skill and ensure that your suit fits you perfectly.

How to Make a Really Loose Jacket Tighter
It might be your favorite color and made in a trendy style, but if a jacket is too loose to fit your body, it's not going to look its best when worn. You can tailor an over-sized jacket or coat at home in just a few steps. Using some basic sewing skills, re-size the garment to turn a really loose jacket into form-fitting outwear.

How to Mod Podge Satin Shoes
Whether you're looking to alter a pair of shoes to match an outfit or simply want to add some flair to your footwear, add a new fabric over satin shoes using Mod Podge. The adhesive, which dries clear, is easy to work with and will create a strong connection between the original satin fabric of your shoes and whatever new material you want to put over it. Mod Podge shoes you already own or scour thrift stores and garage sales for a pair to truly make your own.

How to Narrow Your Jeans Pant Leg by Sewing
When you have several pairs of old jeans, you may want to change some of them and make different styles. Some options may include adding designs, cutting the legs off to make shorts or altering them to make the pant legs narrow. You can take a pair of boot-cut, bell-bottom or wide-leg jeans, sew the legs at the seam to adjust the flare and make narrow jeans.

How to Hand Sew a Patch on a Punk Jacket
OK, we get it. You hate the wound-up Brooks Brothers look, but you don’t want to look like every other skinny-jeansed beanie-headed hipster, either. Throwing patches on clothes is a quick and easy way of making your swag look like no one else’s — and when you’re festooning a punk jacket, you can’t go wrong. First, take a trip down to the Salvation Army or a yard sale or a thrift shop and pick out a jacket that feels right: It can be anything. To get real punk, don’t be afraid to put chains, studs, paint — whatever you want —…

Hemming the Underskirt of a Wedding Dress
Hemming clothing is one of the easiest sewing jobs there is next to, perhaps, sewing on a button. Still, not everyone is proficient at the task. Practice makes perfect, but, if there's one hemming job that you don't want to mess up, it's one having to do with a garment for a wedding-particularly, the wedding dress. The underskirt of a wedding dress is typically a crinoline petticoat, which may appear to be more complicated to hem, but the process is the same as hemming any other skirt.

How to Measure for Padded Bras
Proper measuring is the first step to finding a bra that fits, padded or not. The process is the same either way. One of the keys to getting an accurate measurement is to wear a non-padded bra. Once you have the measurement, apply it to any style of bra you want. Take the measurement yourself, or have a friend do it for you.

How to Alter the Length of a Leather Coat
Leather coats are the epitome of cool, fashionable outerwear. They come in a variety of looks and colors, can be ultra-modern or super retro, and never go out of style. Making sure your leather coat fits well is important to keeping it wearable. For a too-long leather coat, shortening it will make sure you look stylish and stay warm for years to come.

How to Sew a Gusset on a Sleeve
If you find a shirt to be a little too tight in the arms, sew a gusset onto the sleeve. A gusset is a diamond- or triangle-shaped insert sewn onto the underside of a sleeve to expand the armpit. The extra fabric creates room between the upper arm and the body of the shirt, giving you the freedom to move your arms at will without being restricted by the fabric of the shirt. A gusset can be sewn into short and long sleeves.

How to Cut a Knit Sweater Without It Unraveling
Recycling or repurposing your knitted sweaters can turn something old into something new again. There are numerous ways to alter a sweater, such as shortening a long sweater or detaching the sleeves and using them as leg warmers. The tricky part in changing your sweater is preventing the sweater from unraveling during or after cutting the fabric. The use of a sewing machine can be of an immense help.

Sewing a Side Zipper in a Dress
Ladies with great looking dresses that are seldom worn due to minor fitting imperfections can get those garments back into circulation by sewing in a side zipper. You don't have to be a fashion designer or professional seamstress to alter a dress and achieve the perfect fit. Sewing in a side zipper is easy and can be performed in a few simple steps. In just a couple of hours, you can be modeling better fitting, comfortable dresses.

How to Make a Felt Hat Liner
There are many reasons to line a hat. The hat may be scratchy or uncomfortable and you want a barrier between your head and the material. The hat may be slightly larger than it should be to fit well and even a loose liner will add snugness to the hat. A fitted liner will be exactly the right size for your head so the looseness of the hat itself will not be an issue.

Tailoring Vs. Sewing
Although tailoring and sewing can seem similar and do overlap sometimes, there are differences between them. Some of the confusion can come from the fact that one encompasses a wider variety of activities and uses, while the other is more restricted. Sewing and tailoring have both enjoyed advancements due to technology and both have enough professional and amateur practitioners to make them available to everyone, but the distinctions between them are clear.

How to Cut a T-Shirt to Make it Smaller
A staple in most people's wardrobe, the T-shirt is the go-to garment for creating a comfortable and casual look. However, a baggy T-shirt can create an unflattering look, making you seem larger than you actually are. Transform an over-sized T-shirt into a fitted shirt using a simple cutting technique that requires no sewing. The result will create a fun and stylish shirt that shows off your creativity.

Making an Inexpensive Renaissance Costume
There are Renaissance faires all across the United States, each celebrating the best of times long past, but with handy modern conveniences like flush toilets and convenient parking. Many attendees like to dress in costume and often spend hundreds of dollars on elaborate period outfits they wear to many fairs throughout the year. For those attending their first few faires, though, it's possible to create a convincing Renaissance costume that is also practical and affordable.

How to Make a Drooping Neckline on a Dress
If you want a change from a basic dress, you can give new shape to a plain dress bodice by adding a drooping or draped neckline. Start with a dress that has a scooped or rounded neckline. If possible, use material that matches the dress fabric exactly. If you cannot find fabric that matches exactly, match the color. Also, if you cannot find the exact fabric, make sure you use soft fabric that drapes without looking stiff, such as Georgette or rayon.

How to Sew a Lined Hood to a Bathrobe
Pinning a towel to the shoulders of your bathrobe might give the illusion of a hood, but it won't give you the functionality and beauty provided by attaching a properly lined hood. Lining a hood not only gives you more protection, warmth, and longevity for the garment, but it does so with a more tailored finish and fit. A few basic guidelines on choosing the right fabric, drawing a fitted pattern, and sewing the hood can help you create a nearly professional-looking hooded bathrobe.

Gifts for Someone Who Enjoys Fashion Design
The world of fashion design is a fast-paced environment that many people find to be both appealing and enjoyable. If someone you know has a passion for fashion and an interest in design, you can help jump-start her hobby or, perhaps, career by giving her design-related gifts for birthdays, holidays and other special occasions. Aspiring designers need a lot of equipment, practice and learning opportunities in order to make it in the fashion world, and your gifts might be just what she needs to receive new inspiration.

Sewing a Tricky Hem
Jeans are an important part of many a good fashion statement, but finding a pair at the department store that is exactly your size and your style can prove fairly difficult. Many pairs might fight you in the waist, only to be too long in the inseam. But such pairs are wearable, because you do not need to worry about the flat edge of a typical home-sewn hem. Instead, you can make a tricky hem that looks similar to the department store finish.

Troubleshooting a Bobbin Jam on a Kenmore Sewing Machine
The bobbin on the Kenmore sewing machine is a spool that thread is wound on as the machine sews. The bobbin on Kenmore has to function correctly for the sewing machine to work right. A jammed or otherwise damaged bobbin can affect the entire sewing machine. Troubleshooting and correcting bobbin problems on the sewing machine can be done at home. It will take less than 30 minutes to troubleshoot and repair the bobbin.

How to Make a Pencil Roll in a Hat
Pencils and pens are key tools for any artist, but in a moment of creativity, it can be easy to misplace these vital tools, meaning you have to spend valuable minutes looking for them instead of creating. If you like to wear a hat while you work, you can build a pencil roll into the side of the hat and place your pencil there in those creative moments so you'll know where to find it when you need it.

How to Cut Sleeves Off a Hoodie
In just a few minutes you can revamp an old hoodie into a more sporty and casual garment. At the beach or jogging in the park, a sleeveless hoodie keeps you warm but not overheated. Hoodies are popular for their cozy warmth and for being easy to layer but can be stifling and impractical on a warm day. A sleeveless hoodie is a versatile garment you'll be glad to have at your disposal.

How to Make Your Shirt Fit With Ribbon
The next time you have a shirt that's a little too big, skip a trip to the tailor. Instead, give the shirt a newer, more-appropriate size as well as a lovely decorative touch by making some modifications with ribbon. With a little time and creativity, sewing ribbon creates a corset-like look that ensures the shirt will fit better and look better. Plus, by doing your own alterations, you can add a personal touch and choose ribbon that complements your style.

How to Make Grunge Pants
Grunge fashion was very prominent throughout the 1990s - as with many fashion trends, grunge fashion was associated with rock bands like Nirvana, Pearl Jam and Alice in Chains. Grunge fashion consisted of oversized plaid shirts, combat boots and torn, light wash jeans. If you have a pair of light wash jeans lying around and you want to grunge them up, use a utility knife to tear them up and make them look worn. Dish soap will also give them a faded bleached out effect that was popular in the 90s.

How to Sew a V-Neck Collar
When you want a change from your high-collared t-shirt or turtleneck, you can alter the appearance by cutting it into a V-neck. You will need a straight edge and a fabric marking pen when marking out the new neckline, because a crooked neckline will ruin the shirt's appearance. Measure in the same distance from each shoulder seam and draw a straight line to the V-neck's center point. Make sure the line is even before you cut off the excess fabric, because sewing will not hide an uneven neckline.

How to Adjust a Bra With Sewing
Most women will never adjust the straps on their bras once they've been purchased and worn for the first time. As they're made, bras incorporate plastic buckles to allow for adjustment, but these show through clothing and are unnecessary if the straps are secured into position with a few simple sewing stitches. You can modify your own bras by sewing them in place and removing the buckles, permanently adjusting them just for you. You can also mix and match straps to create customized undergarments if you so desire.

How to Sew a Liner Into a Finished Jacket
Sewing a liner into a jacket is a perfect way to customize your wardrobe, revamp an old or vintage jacket or fix a damaged or stained jacket lining. For a fun look, try removing your jacket's lining and replacing it with a bright color or interesting pattern. This will allow you to create a look that is truly unique. Replacing a polyester lining with silk will also create a more expensive looking garment.

How to Take a T-shirt Down a Size
If you have recently lost weight, you will be purchasing a lot of new clothing in smaller sizes. Although this can be fun and exciting, it can become very expensive. You may prefer instead to alter some of your larger-sized clothes, especially if you have not yet achieved your goal weight and are continuing to lose. With some basic sewing skills, you can take your T-shirts down a size and extend the amount of time you will still look and feel good wearing them.

How to Cut Big Shirts into V-Necks
Modifying your clothing rather than purchasing new garments allows you to be creative as well as save money. Many shirts can be made into V-necks; T-shirts, plain sweatshirts and plain sweaters work best for this procedure. In order to change a large shirt into a V-neck, all you have to do is cut out some of the fabric hem the raw edges. This project will take you 10 minutes to complete, and when you are finished you can don your new V-neck immediately.

Oiling Instructions for the Kenmore 15516000 Sewing Machine
The 15516000 is a sewing machine manufactured by Kenmore. This sewing machine features a stitch pattern setting display and a reverse stitch control. Occasionally, the Kenmore sewing machine requires maintenance. This routine maintenance includes changing the light bulb and cleaning the shuttle area. It also includes oiling the machine from time to time in order to keep its moving parts running efficiently. It takes approximately 15 to 20 minutes to oil the Kenmore sewing machine.

Sewing Tips for Taking in the Waist on Levis
Nothing is more frustrating than finding a pair of Levis that fit you perfectly except for that gap in the waist at the back. One option is to take the jeans apart and re-construct them, which requires sewing experience. Alternatively the problem can be remedied with little or no sewing experience by threading elastic through the waist band, which distributes the fabric evenly around the waist with no bunching.

How to Decrease the Padding in a Bra
A woman can change the way her clothing fits by wearing appropriate undergarments. One undergarment that every woman wears is the bra. Although bras come in a variety of different styles and sizes, many contain some sort of padding. If the bra fits well but the padding is too much, then consider reducing it. This process is uncomplicated and can be done in minimal time. Most interior bra pads are sewn between the fabric, which makes them easy to remove to shave down to your size.

How to Make Skinny Jeans Without Sewing, Cutting or Pins
Skinny jeans are very fashionable today, with musicians, movie stars and models all sporting tight-fitting pants. Although skinny jeans are sized the same as regular jeans, a good fit can be hard to find for normal people with larger legs or wider hips. Without cutting or sewing, it is not easy to make normal jeans skinny, but there are some techniques that can make jeans tighter.

How to Sew Boys Underwear
If your little boy, nephew or grandson has an old T-shirt that he does not use anymore, you can breathe new life into this old garment. You can transform an old T-shirt into boys boxer briefs. A character T-shirt can be a creative way to get a unique and one-of-a-kind underwear for the little boy in your life. It is helpful to have basic sewing skills to complete this project.

Copyright 2006 Radoslaw Pilarski

Etiology

Etiology of prostate cancer development is not completely known. Factors that can influence the creation and development of this type of cancer include:

genetic factors – increase in risk of falling ill among men with a positive family history regarding the prostate cancer. Mutations of suppressor genes are also taken into consideration (p53)

dietetic factors – food rich in saturated fatty acids probably increases the risk of falling ill whereas the consumption of soya and rice may have a beneficial protective effect racial and geographical factors – Afro-Americans are 100% more likely to fall ill, whereas the lowest death rate is reported in Japan and in China

occupational factors – cancerogenous influence of heavy metals and toxins infectious factors – viral infection may lead to/ be the cause of anaplasia of adenocyte cells of prostate

Histopathologically, 95% prostate cancer cases occur in the form of adenocarcinoma. Other types (primary intracellular cancer, squamous carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, and sarcoma) are rarely met. Adenocarcinoma usually develops in the peripheral area of the prostate (85%), in the transition area (25% ) and in the central area (5%).

Symptoms

In symptomatology of the prostate cancer, 4 clinical forms are distinguished:

1) visible form with distinct pathological symptoms 2) latent form (carcinoma latens) with no distinct pathological symptoms found 3) hidden form (ca occultum) which is detected in the case of distinct ailments caused by the existence of remote metastases, however changes in prostate are not found in the course of per rectum examination 4) accidentally detected form - based on histopathological test of the gland that was removed because of prostate overgrowth, or based on biochemical tests (PSA) During the development of prostate cancer, an induction phase that lasts about 30 years which is clinically invisible can be distinguished. During the next stage - in situ phase (5-10 years) and invasive phase (1 year), ailments connected with the local growth of tumour start to appear. During this period, symptoms connected with sub bladder obstacle appear including mainly: - pallakiuria - nycturia - weak urine stream - painful vesical tenesmus - impression of incompletion of bladder emptying The above-mentioned symptoms are typical of cancer and in some cases they may suggest mild overgrowth of prostate, or neurogenic or athermatous bladder disorders. During the dissemination phase (about 5 years), prostate cancer develops continuously infiltrating surrounding organs, such as: urinary bladder, rectum, ureters, pelvic walls and leading to urinary retention in kidneys and to secondary failure of function. Ailments typical for this period include: - haematuria - dysuria - urinary incontinence - erection disorders - aches of perineum, lumbar area and anus - haematospermia Metastases spread through the lymphatic vessels and the vascular system. Symptoms caused by the existence of remote metastases are as follows: - osteodynia and pathological fractures - pressure symptoms and spinal paralysis - lymphadema of limbs - clotting disorders - cachexy - coma

DIAGNOSTICS

In order to diagnose the prostate cancer, patient should undergo per rectum tests (DRE), PSA concentration (prostate specific antigen) in blood serum should be determined, ultrasonography per rectum examination (TRUS - transrectal ultrasound) should be done and if there is a suspicion of prostate cancer, histopathological test of the material obtained through a per rectum thick-needle biopsy done under the ultrasound control should take place. Histopathological test is the only test that confirms the presence of cancerous cells in the prostate gland area. DRE, which is an examination of sensitivity of 80% sensitivity and of specificity of 60%, enables to seize changes in the area of the prostate such as consistency change, palpable nodules and hardenings. It is the base for sending a patient to a diagnostic biopsy. At present, it is believed that cytological diagnosis achieved through a fine-needle biopsy is not sufficient to make a right diagnosis. It results from the fact that the assessment according to Gleason's classification is an important prognostic factor for the prostate cancer (see: prognostic factors). That is why a thick-needle biopsy is performed. Ultrasound use enables to take precise samples from suspicious foci. If there are no changes in TRUS picture, "sextant biopsy" is done (samples got for several places).

Recommendations for the biopsy of prostate gland: 1) palpable suspicion of the prostate cancer 2) PSA value over 15ng/ml regardless of DRE or TRUS tests 3) PSA value between 4 and 15 ng/ml with abnormalities detected during DRE or TRUS tests 4) PSA value exceeds the norm for a given age in the case of a positive family history regarding the prostate cancer

Recommendations for TRUS: 1) PSA between 4 and 12 ng/ml with abnormalities detected 2) questionable result of DRE test 3) necessity of a thick-needle biopsy Other diagnostic tests, such as CT and urography are not routinely performed because their value is questionable as far as the assessment of local stage and invasion of adjacent lymph nodes is concerned. Nowadays, magnetic resonance tomography done using transrectal coli (endorectal coil MRI - ERMR) to observe the prostate arouses great interest. Despite the increased sensitivity of the degree of the local stage, costs of the test do not allow for its routine use in the prostate cancer diagnosis. Scintigraphy of the skeleton is the most sensitive test (97%) in bone metastases detection. It is assumed that a patient with PSA under 10 ng/ml does not undergo scintigraphy because the probability of metastases is low.

Screening:

Screening: It is recommended that patients aged over 50 should undergo per rectum tests and PSA level tests every year.

PROGNOSTIC FACTORS:

Three groups of prognostic factors can be distinguished in the case of the prostate cancer:

1) development stage according to TNM 2) differentiation degree of the cancer based on the classification of Gleason and Mostofi 3) PSA level (prostate-specific antigen) in serum TNM classification

Preoperative assessment of the stage of the prostate cancer is made based on the above-mentioned tests.

T-stage: primary tumour

Tx - primary tumour cannot be assessed T0 - no evidence of primary tumour T1 - clinically unapparent tumour; not palpable or visible by per rectum imaging T1a - incidental tumour found in histopathological tests after transurethral resection of the prostate or after operational adenectomy: found in 5% or less resected tissue T1b - as above; found in more than 5% resected tissue T1c - tumour identified histopathologically by a needle biopsy (because of high PSA) T2 - tumour confined within the prostate gland T2a - tumour involves less than half of one lobe T2b - tumour involves more than half of one lobe only T2c - tumour involves both lobes T3 - tumour extends through the prostatic capsule T3a - extracapsular extensions (unilateral) T3b - extracapsular extensions (bilateral) T3c - tumour invades seminal vesicles T4 - tumour is fixed, invades adjacent structures other than seminal vesicles T4a - tumour invades bladder neck and/or external sphincter and/or rectum T4b - tumour invades levator muscles and/or pelvic wall N-stage: regional lymph nodes

Nx - regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed N0 - no regional lymph node metastases N1 - metastasis to a single regional lymph node with the diameter under 2cm N2 - metastasis to a single regional lymph node with the diameter > 2cm but < 5cm N3 - metastases to regional lymph nodes with the diameter over 5cm M-stage: remote metastases

Mx - remote metastasis cannot be assessed M0 - no remote metastases M1 - remote metastases M1a - non-regional lymph nodes M1b - bones M1c - other sites According to Whitmor-Catalon classification, grades A, B, C, and D correspond to T1, T2, T3 and T4 of TNM classification respectively.

Degree of cancer differentiation:

Degree of differentiation is defined according to 2 classifications: by Mostofi and by Gleason.

Mostofi's classification uses a 3-grade assessment of differentiation dependent on the degree of cell anaplasia – grading (G1-G3). The higher grade, the lower differentiation of cancer tissue, the greater atypy and at the same time, malignancy. In the case of a 10-grade Gleason system, the two extreme histological images in the preparation are assessed and then, added to produce a final grade.

PSA is a proteolyctic enzyme responsible for sperm melting. It is mainly produced by glandular epithelium, it might be also produced in organs such as salivary glands, pancreas and mammary gland and by clear cell carcinoma. Commonly used norm is the following: 0-4 ng/ml. Such concentration of PSA is found among 97% of men over 40. The level over 12 ng/ml is always connected with pathology. Difficulties with diagnosis are found among patients who have this level between 5-10 ng/ml because it may both stem from the prostate cancer or a mild overgrowth of the prostate, which causes the necessity of diagnostic methods use, such as TRUS. This test makes it possible to determine PSA density (PSAD - PSA density) - PSA concentration converted to prostate volume unit. It should be under 0.15 ng/ml/g. In the case of prostate cancer differentiation and mild overgrowth of prostate, free to total PSA (PSA F/T) is used. If it is over 20%, one may assume the presence of cancerous cells in the gland. PSA level does not correlate well enough with the natural development of the prostate cancer. However, it is useful as a prognostic factor after the treatment applied and in prognosis determination. However, high final levels indicate low survival rate.

TREATMENT

Proceeding strategy in patients with the prostate cancer depends on the degree of histological malignancy, the degree of local stage of development, coexisting diseases and age of a patient. There are many controversies as far as the choice of treatment is concerned. Radical treatment is possible in T1, T2 and N0 and Mo stages. In advanced cases (T3, T4, N-+, M-+), the procedure is restricted to delay the cancer progression and mitigate its effects (palliative treatment).

Surgery treatment - radical prostatectomy

The surgery consists in the prostate gland removal together with spermatic vesicles and adjacent tissues. Surgery is done through retropubic, transcoccgeal, perineal approach or through laparoscopy. Lymphadenectomy constitutes an integral part of the surgery. If the approach makes it impossible to remove the gland and lymph nodes (perineal approach) at the same time, a separate surgery is carried out. It precedes the operation proper. It is believed that cancerous cells found in the removed lymph nodes are the reason why prostatectomy cannot be performed. Invasion of lymph nodes to a certain extent suggests PSA level over 40ng/ml together with grade >7 in Gleason's scale.

Recommendations for surgery:

1) cancer limited to the prostate gland (T1BN0M0Gx - T2N0M0Gx, T1AN0M0G3) 2) predictable life span over 10 years 3) consent of a patient If positive chirurgical margins, capsule infiltration or cancerous changes in the removed lymph nodes are found in postoperative microscopic assessment, the prognosis is worse – such patients are qualified for palliative treatment. The death rate in the postoperative period does not exceed 5%. Intraoperative complications first of all include: bleeding from Santorini's plexus, damage of rectum wall, underpinning of ureter. Early complications after surgery: thrombotic and embolic complications (phlebothrombosis 3-12%, lung embolism 2-5%) and lymphocele. Late postoperative complications after prostatectomy include: urinary incontinence, erection disorders and narrowing of urethro-vesicular junction).

Radiotherapy

Apart from radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy is an effective method of treatment for patients with regional Corn Protectors advanced prostate cancer. In radical treatment, the most frequently done using radiation from external sources, the dose of 50-70 Gy in fractions continuing over 5-7 weeks are given. T1ABC - T2ABCG1 and T1ABCG2 stages require radiation limited to the prostate. In other cases, area that is radiated includes adjacent lymph nodes as well. In recent years, multidimensional imaging with CT (3D conformal radiotherapy) is used in the treatment planning.

Brachytherapy constitutes another method that is used.

Recommendations for radical radiotherapy of the prostate:

1) prostate cancer confined with the organ 2) sufficiently long predictable survival span 3) no disorders in lower urinary tract 4) no disorders in rectum and colon 5) consent of patient to carry out treatment 6) early complications of radiation energy treatment (30% of patients) include dysuria, haematuria, diarrhoea, rectal tenesmus, inflammation of large intestine and rectum. Among later complications (11% of patients) chronic diarrhea, ulceration of rectum, bladder neck stenosis and intestinal fistula stenosis are observed.

Control of patients after radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy:

- per rectum test, PSA level in blood serum each 3 months. PSA level should be lower than 1 ng/ml (after radical prostatectomy it should be near to 0). Increase over 0.5 ng/ml within a year means failure of radiotherapy. Hormonotherapy

Hormonal therapy is mainly used as palliative treatment in advanced prostate cancer. It makes it possible to stop symptoms of the disease for some time and then, further progression of the disease takes place. Nowadays, the use of therapy in pulsation system is considered as it delays the development of hormone-resistant cell clones.

Ways of hormonal treatment include: 1) surgery castration (orchidectomy) 2) anti-androgens a) non-steroid b) steroid 3) analogues LH-RH 4) oestrogens, progestogens, inhibitors of androgens synthetase Hormonotherapy by analogues LH-RH is also recommended before planned radical radiotherapy. In the case of hormone-resistant cancer, treatment with combined cytoctatic and hormone (estramustine), however without significant effects.

PROGNOSIS

Prognosis depends on the development stage, degree of differentiation and PSA level (see: prognostic factors).

In T1A, B stage prognosis is good. 10-years survival 35-80%, death rate of the cancer 7-30%. In T2 stage, overall survival equals 34-85%, death rate equals 8-26%. In T3 stage, among patients who undergo non-invasive treatment for 9 years, overall death rate equalled 63%, from cancer – 30%. Depending on the degree of cancer differentiation, 10-year survival of patients is the following: for cells well differentiated - 81%, for cells moderately differentiated - 58% and for cells poorly differentiated - 26%.

Spring break (and winter and summer, and the average weekend for that matter) always gives me a new appreciation for teachers. Over the course of our most recent 9-day break, I realized that I would rather be sitting in a middle class seat, in coach, on a 15-hour nonstop flight to Cairo than spend nearly two weeks at home with both children. As the image of this wondrous flight lingered in my brain, I began searching Expedia for hot deals.
Today is National Teacher Appreciation Day, and after the recent school vacation, I am feeling an extremely strong desire to thank the preschool teachers in my life. Below is a letter I drafted to the teachers at my daughters' preschool. However, I feel that it is pretty universal. Please feel free to copy, paste and change the underlined text so that you can send a nice note to the teacher/school that is keeping you from the nearest inpatient psychiatric facility. *****
To the amazingly patient staff at Gan Noe Preschool:
Although there are many people that love my children, the care and affection that you bring to each of them is beyond words. However, since I am too lazy to drag both the girls out of the house and into their car seats to drive a mile to the flower store (where they will inevitably beg for me to buy them their own in purple or pink), I thought that I would give words a try.
Thank you for always smiling and offering a hug when Maisy walks in the door. You make her feel welcomed, loved and safe (especially on days when Mommy is feeling irritable and just wants a child-free latte).
Thank you for appropriately oohing and aahing over each dress Elana proudly adorns for school. Because you do this, Elana eagerly dresses herself each morning in a variety of patterns and colors in anticipation of your joyous reaction. (Seriously, I am not the one pairing rainbow flowered leggings with a red and white candy-cane Christmas dress to our Jewish preschool.)
Similarly, thank you for not judging me when Maisy arrives wearing last night's pajamas. I know that there are yogurt stains on the sleeves and that it can be an arduous task trying to fit her tiny toddler shoes over the fleece footies, but you never complain. In fact, your eyes never hesitate in expressing just pure happiness in her entrance - is it the contacts?
Thank you for providing a safe, contained place for both girls to play with paint, glitter, beads and glue. Because you do this, I have an excuse to say "no" when they ask to make use of our own art supplies after I spent the morning cleaning the house.
Thank you for allowing Maisy to proudly sing her "favorite" Top 40 radio song, repeatedly. Yes, I know that she is completely off-tune, and that she often mixes up the words (I expect that "Set fire to the range" is a remark on my cooking ability), but you somehow manage to appear excited to hear Katy Perry's latest for the fourteenth time that morning.
Thank you for teaching Elana all about the solar system. Because she learned that "Saturn has those icy rings" and "Uranus spins on its side", my husband and I were able to take a much-needed break from reading the daunting Rainbow Magic Fairy series, while Elana requested books about stars and planets for a few precious weeks.
Thank you for never turning on the television. I know that there are days that you are absolutely knackered, and the last thing you want to do is manage twelve 3 and 4-year-old children running amok around a small enclosed space threatening to dump every bin of toys onto the train-track rug. Still, you never throw your hands in the air and sit them all in front of Dora. Because you don't do this, I feel less guilty when I do.
Thank you for providing a variety of gender-neutral toys for my daughters to play with. Because you offer them the opportunity to engage in car, bug and superhero play, I am less disgusted that Maisy's room looks like the Disney Princess aisle at Target.
Thank you for telling hallux varus me that "it is just a normal phase," when Maisy began hitting her classmates. While part of me knew that this, as with all things in childhood, was just another stage, a larger portion of me was truly worried that I was raising a child that would one day turn my basement into a meth lab. However, you were right, it was just a phase. I am now more confident that she will stick to making bootleg liquor in abandoned bathtubs.
Thank you also for always being available to answer Elana's inexhaustible questions. "How are caves made?" "Is Saturn wider than Jupiter if you count the rings?" "Why is it hotter in Miami than San Francisco if they have the same sun?" "What does 'the one that got away' mean?" Yes, of course I could take the time and energy to try to explain the answers in terms a 4-year-old will understand, but you just do it so well! (And, I am sort of tired of talking to the kids.)
But most importantly, thank you for loving my children between the hours of 8:45 to 12:45. Because you do this, I can love them a little more the rest of the day.
Thank you, a thousand times, thank you!
Sincerely,
Elana and Maisy's exhausted, but ever-so-grateful, mother
Follow Rhiana Maidenberg on Twitter:www.twitter.com/marriedwtoddler