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In terms of structure, the committee considered the pros and cons of different models and decided that a hybrid approach is best suited to the challenges facing the telecommunications industry. The committee envisions ATRA as a hybrid of activities of the sort historically associated with DARPA (which through the ARPANET program managed a research portfolio, developed a vision, and convened industry and academia) and SEMATECH (which brought a struggling high-tech sector together, initially with some federal support to complement industry dollars, to fund joint research, development, and roadmapping activities). ATRA would be staffed by program managers who would include researchers from both academia and industry. Industry funding would represent a significant fraction of total ATRA funding, and industry as well as academic researchers would be deeply involved in research activities.

There are a number of options for where within the federal government such a program could fit, each with its own set of tradeoffs. The committee does not make a specific recommendation for locating such a program but notes that ATRA’s proposed mission would align with that of existing agencies within the Department of Commerce and that NSF has developed mechanisms for joint academic-industry engineering research, albeit more focused and on a smaller scale.

ATRA’s multifaceted mission would include the following Identifying, coordinating, and funding telecommunications research for the nation. ATRA’s focus would be on critical telecommunications research in which the nation is currently underinvesting.

Fostering the conception, development, and implementation of major architectural advances. ATRA would place a priority on research that aims to make possible major architectural advances that result in the development of dramatically new telecommunications capabilities (such as the Internet was when it was developed) rather than incremental improvements to existing capabilities.

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The Bell System ended in 1983. Divestiture resulted in the separation of the local Bell System operating companies (which provided local telephone service to large regions of the United States) from the long-distance parts of the network (known as long-lines communications) and ended the license fee arrangement through which the regional operating companies supported Bell Labs. At the time of the separation, Western Electric (the equipment manufacturing part of the Bell System) was assigned to the part of the company that would be called AT&T), along with most of the research and development resources of Bell Labs. The regional Bell operating companies (RBOCs), the providers of local phone service, formed an R&D consortium called Bellcore (Bell Communications Research, later renamed Telcordia Technologies) and agreed to fund Bellcore to do the majority of the R&D needed to support them— at least for an initial period on the order of 5 to 7 years. Subsequently the RBOCs sold Bellcore to SAIC, causing the new lab to seek support outside the RBOCs and subsequently make radical changes in the scope and direction of its research program.

As a result of divestiture, the fundamental split in the Bell System propelled AT&T (and its R&D arm Bell Labs) into a competitive landscape for the first time, with aggressive competitors such as MCI and Sprint seeking to compete for long-distance services—for both residential and business customers. Thus although a tax on telecommunications revenue remained as a source for funding R&D at Bell Labs, the prospects for increased competition, lower telecommunications prices, and decreasing telecommunications revenues for AT&T, as well as the regulatory pressures to lose market share to new competitors, led to the beginning of the reduction in the long-term, unfettered, fundamental research done at Bell Labs. Additionally, divestiture marked the beginning of a process of transforming the telecommunications industry in the United States from a vertically organized structure (where one body, the Bell System, had control over every aspect of the telecommunications process, from components, to boards, to systems, to services, to operations) to a horizontally organized structure (where multiple competitors existed at every level of the hierarchy and where no single entity had full responsibility for the network architecture, end-to-end network operations, or long-term fundamental research that would enable the creation of an evolutionary path into the future).

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Telecommunications affects how people connect and do business on a global scale. For businesses, in particular, reliable and timely communication is the lifeblood of your company’s brand reputation, productivity, and overall success.When you have a contractual minimum that you agree to spend each year, the difference between the minimum and what you actually spent is known as the MUTM.The MUG represents the amount of money your company will spend on certain services per year. A private branch exchange is a switching hub for telephone systems that consists of more than one branch of telephone systems. The exchange acts as the ‘conductor’ for traffic through the system and links the phone lines together. Typically a company will use a PBX to connect all of their phone lines to an external line.

Telecommunications companies possess the technology necessary for communication through the internet, phone, airwaves, cables, wires, or wirelessly. They have built the infrastructure necessary for passing voice, words, video, and audio through these means to anywhere in the world. 

nformation technology and the ability to connect and communicate is a fundamental part of how our society operates. In today’s digital ecosystem, telecommunication has become the foundation for businesses, governments, communities, and families to seamlessly connect and share information.

Thanks to telecom advancements, things like searching the internet, placing phone calls, emailing, and text messaging has become integrated into our personal and professional lives on a near-ubiquitous level. 

From a security perspective, telecommunication is one of the most crucial infrastructures for protection. From natural disaster initiatives to military needs, there’s a wide spectrum of institutions that depend on telecom to provide safety.SIP trunking works by allowing the endpoints of the private branch exchange to make calls via the Internet. SIP trunk controls voice and messaging for a variety of applications.  

In today’s business world, many organizations employ cross-functional teams to tackle new products, corporate initiatives, marketing campaigns, etc. To ensure projects are progressing as forecasted, these teams likely connect regularly to discuss the status of the deliverables, share ideas, and address any unforeseen hurdles that may arise.

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Simultaneously, standards bodies are working on universal 5G equipment standards. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) approved 5G New Radio (NR) standards in December 2017 and is expected to complete the 5G mobile core standard required for 5G cellular services. The 5G radio system is not compatible with 4G radios, but network operators that have purchased wireless radios recently may be able to upgrade to the new 5G system via software rather than buying new equipment.

With 5G wireless equipment standards almost complete and the first 5G-compliant smartphones and associated wireless devices commercially available in 2019, 5G use cases will begin to emerge between 2020 and 2025, according to TBR projections. By 2030, 5G services will become mainstream and are expected to range from the delivery of VR content to autonomous vehicle navigation enabled by real-time communications (RTC) capabilities.

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In the United States, there are already some networks being developed in select cities. Currently, Verizon is offering MM wave 5G at certain locations in select cities, including Atlanta; Boise, Idaho; Boston; Chicago; Dallas; Detroit; Houston; New York; Providence, R.I.; and Washington, D.C. As time passes, Verizon will add more cities to its 5G network, such as San Diego and Kansas City, Mo. T-Mobile's 5G network includes locations within Atlanta, Cleveland, Dallas, Las Vegas, Los Angeles and New York.

We find business analysts in all kinds of industries, including businesses of all types, government agencies, and nonprofits. While any industry can benefit from the business analyst expertise, management consulting firms and IT-related firms make up the largest share. Companies that specialize in accounting, finance, investment banking, and market research also offer significant opportunities for business analysts.

Summing it up, data is the currency the commercial sector uses to buy success. Business analysts work with data and the in-house departments, making intelligent, informed, data-driven decisions that will boost profits and strengthen the company. Any business that wants to succeed today should either hire a third-party business analyst as a consultant or recruit one for an in-house position.

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Business analyst manager: Well, it is a good career option for an experienced Business Analyst who likes to manage a team and would also like to provide leadership to a team. This is a good team based role and can ascend in the career growth. This role is suitable for those business analysts who like to enjoy a diverse role in resource planning, handling people with line management activities.

Project Manager: This role is the most common for Business Analysts because they are aware of this role. They frequently have a functioning example, in the form of a project manager to learn daily. However, the position of a project manager requires a diverse set of skills and the effort is entirely different from that of business analysis. It is a good career option if the business analyst would like to change the directions and skills completely. This option is a very satisfying and highly rewarding career path and a traditional route in which many BA wants to move.

In dynamic networks change is constant. Services can be developed, validated, tested and deployed at a fraction of the cost and time using virtualized infrastructure, virtual network functions (VNFs) and cloud native functions (CNFs).

This process is known as continuous integration, continuous testing and continuous deployment (CI-CT-CD). Service deployment becomes on-demand. Network and service monitoring is automated, and networks become largely “self-healing”. Most importantly, services can be amended or retired rapidly streamlining the commercial product and service catalog.

There are three phases in the network automation lifecycle:

Design

Deploy

Operate

There’s a phrase going around in our business: “To err is human; to propagate errors massively at scale is automation.”

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Automation is a great way for any organization to speed up bad practices and #fail bigger. Unfortunately, when your business is network ops, the desire to be a cool “Ops” kid with some “Dev” chops — as opposed to just a CLI jockey — will quickly lead you down the automation road. That road might not lead you to those aspirational goals, although it certainly could expand your blast radius for failures.

Before we further contemplate self-driving, intent-driven networking, and every other phrase that’s all the rage today (although I’m just as guilty of such contemplation as anyone else at Juniper), we should take the time to define what we mean by “proper” in the phrase, “building an automated network properly.”

If you haven’t guessed already, it’s not about writing Python scripts. Programming is all well and good, but twenty minutes of design often really does save about two weeks of coding. To start hacking at a problem right away is probably the wrong approach. You need to step back from our goals, think about what gives them meaning, apply those goals to the broader picture, and plan accordingly.

Virtualization and especially containers have made the concept of baking images very accessible, and immutable infrastructure popular. While there is still much work to do with network software disaggregation, containerization, and decoupling of services, there are many benefits of adopting immutable infrastructure that are equally applicable to networking. Today’s network devices are poster children for config drift, but to call them “snowflakes” would be an insult to actual snowflakes.

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Database and infrastructure security: Everything in a network involves databases and physical equipment. Protecting these devices is equally important.

Cloud security: Many files are in digital environments or “the cloud”. Protecting data in a 100% online environment presents a large amount of challenges.

Mobile security: Cell phones and tablets involve virtually every type of security challenge in and of themselves.

Mobile security refers to protecting both organizational and personal information stored on mobile devices like cell phones, laptops, tablets, etc. from various threats such as unauthorized access, device loss or theft, malware, etc. 

Cloud Security

Cloud security relates to designing secure cloud architectures and applications for organization using various cloud service providers such as AWS, Google, Azure, Rackspace, etc. Effective architecture and environment configuration ensures protection against various threats. 

Disaster recovery and business continuity planning (DR&BC)

DR&BC deals with processes, monitoring, alerts and plans that help organizations prepare for keeping business critical systems online during and after any kind of a disaster as well as resuming lost operations and systems after an incident. 

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Information Security Analyst

If a career determining what computer security measures a company needs sounds interesting, consider becoming an information security analyst. These analysts investigate computer security breaches, create and execute security procedures and policies, install protection equipment and software, run scenarios to find weak areas, research current technology threats and document activities.

To gain employment as an information security analyst, a bachelor's degree in a computer field and related work experience are required. Master of Business Administration degrees are sometimes also preferred by employers. Increased demand for information security analysts will cause the field to grow by 31% between 2019 and 2029, according to the BLS. These security professionals should receive a median yearly wage of $99,730, as seen in a 2019 BLS report.

Computer Network Architect

For those interested in the design of network communication systems, becoming a computer network architect may be a good career move. Network architects determine what technology such as routers, drivers and power systems are needed and then design the system, drafting out where cables and other supporting equipment is placed. They also research emerging technological advances, present recommendations to management and explore information security issues.

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All software projects have to meet a number of  that describe the characteristics of the system. These are also known as quality attributes. While the exact list of non-functional requirements depends on the complexity of each individual product, the most common of them are security, performance, maintainability, scalability, usability, and reliability of a product. The solution architect’s role is to analyze all non-functional requirements and ensure that further product engineering will meet them.

Since we’ve discussed high-level goals of solution architecture adoption, let’s break them down into specific responsibilities and underlying skillsets.

The solution architect’s job focuses on solution-level decisions and analysis of their impact on the overall business goals and outcomes. Just like the architect in the construction industry creating a general blueprint of a future building, a person at this position must have a profound knowledge of available technologies to suggest the best solution according to the incoming requirements and existing environment. So, we can say that the product of a solution architect’s job is the set of technological solutions and the strategy of their implementation.

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This person needs to ensure that the new solution fits into the existing enterprise architecture from the technical, business, user, and other perspectives.

They cooperate with all the teams involved in the development process and need to know how every product and service work in architecture. A solutions architect needs all this knowledge to oversee a successful delivery of a quality end product to its end users.

In other words, businesses need to perform the digital transformation of their core operations, which is to streamlining them. As this transition is highly complex (even separate parts of it demand close attention), every company needs an expert with a particular skill set and a knack for balancing business needs with different nuances of technology solutions.

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