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Daily life, a lot of news such as rising oil prices, energy crisis, global climate change will cause us to panic for the future. The current consensus is that we need to reduce dependence on oil in favor of clean energy, avoiding harm to our planet. This view is the people and governments around the world wide support, even in the United States. Scientists in various countries around the world are looking for alternative sources of energy, such as renewable energy sources like wind, biofuels and solar energy.
In mid-century, Bell Labs invented the "Bell of solar cells," but its high cost limited the development of solar cell industry, even after 55 years since then, solar photovoltaic power generation in the global grid accounted for only about 0.04% . However, the situation has changed in recent years, from flat panel display and semiconductor industries burning laser processing technology derived from the solar industry, there has been explosive growth.
Currently there are three common commercial application of solar cell technologies: multi-junction cells, crystalline silicon cells and thin film batteries. Multi-junction cells prepared by application on a single crystal substrate by chemical vapor deposition techniques, has the highest electron conversion efficiency (typically 28-29%, and even up to 40%). As production costs are very expensive, they are typically used regardless of the cost or effective area smaller applications, such as satellite or solar concentrator. Crystalline silicon cells most widely used efficiency monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon is roughly 13% to 22% range. Thin film battery is a new technology, (8-18%) and low production costs are relatively low efficiency.
Crystalline silicon cells occupy approximately 93% of the PV market. In 2006, solar applications beyond the semiconductor industry, silicon has become the most important application direction (55%), which makes a significant increase in demand for silicon, silicon and caused prices to rise rapidly. So people began to look for alternatives, such as thin-film batteries. Cells are typically made of different multilayer thin film materials deposited on a glass or metal substrate, a common structure as shown in FIG. Most of absorbent material used is amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). An outer electrode of the cell is typically made of indium tin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide (ZnO) conductive glass (the TCO), aluminum and molybdenum and other metals. Diode-pumped 30000mw laser pointer commonly used for connecting and insulating portions crossed at different levels.
The first step in the manufacture of thin film battery is on a glass substrate coated with electrodes, this coating is typically ITO (Indium Tin Oxide, light transmissive material). Then P1 scribing process electronic circuits, commonly used Q-switched laser wavelength of 1064 nm and 12-15 W average power. To improve the yield, the laser must be 100 KHz above the high repetition rate for rapid scanning, pulse width should be very narrow (15-40 ns) so that the peak power is higher than the ablation threshold of the material.
To achieve this ideal laser machining process include Spectra-Physics (Spectra-Physics) the Navigator, Hippo or Talon series, currently the world have installed hundreds of sets of such a laser scribing photovoltaic device. Quality spot and pulse stability is also very important to make sure that they are crossed quality, repeatability and reliability of the key. Once the ITO layer is completed, the panel returned to a chemical vapor deposition apparatus, the semiconductor film (amorphous silicon layer).
After the P2 laser process using 532 nm laser scribe from the back of the glass. Similarly, high repetition rate and short pulse width (15-30 ns) is the best, and the process power requirements are not high (typically less than 1W). So you can use a low-power green laser, or a laser beam into a plurality of 4-6 W of simultaneous multiple processing. When the P2 process is complete, the battery back-plate electrode coating (usually aluminum), and finally P3 laser scribing process, which is from the back through the glass substrate, and using the same green laser pointer process and P2. Good quality spot and pulse stability is particularly important to avoid harm to other material layers. P2 and P3 applied to the process of Spectra-Physics Lasers have the Navigator, Hippo and Talon Series green (532 nm).
The biggest advantage over conventional silicon thin film battery cell is full automatic production line, flat panel display equipment coating equipment manufacturer Applied Materials, Oerlikon, Ulvac and Leybold has recognized this opportunity, we began the development of automated production lines. It's the same as the flat panel display market principles to reduce costs by increasing the processing area.
The laser system is an important part of this online automated production lines. As used in the semiconductor and flat panel display, like a laser shine also make solar cell market.
http://www.everyonetobuy.com/best-10000mw-green-handheld-burning-laser-pointer-pen-flashlight.html
Compared with the ABL, burning laser Weapon will encounter many technical difficulties, if the power density is unable to meet the demand, it is likely to face the fate of stillborn.The U.S. missile defense agency is continuing develop the technical high power laser weapons investment.In fiscal year 2019, the defense agency will select one of the most successful type, according to the proportion.It is reported that, if the deployment of laser weapons successfully, anti missile UAV Will take the boost phase missile task.At present, the directional director of the U.S. missile defense agency James Sunning said that the current UAV laser anti missile boost phase development problem is to improve the power to weight ratio, in order to make it stronger
.In 1962, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, physicist John Nuckolls proposed using high powered laser to achieve controllable nuclear fusion.Since then, the Lawrence Livermore laboratory has been pursuing this concept, the power of the laser they used were also growing. This is a complex system that can be issued at the same time. National ignition device is developed by the United States scientists, it was the world's largest laser nuclear fusion device. It is reported that this is known as "artificial sun" device which can produce similar stellar core temperature and pressure.
In industry, the 200mw Laser Pointer is used as a saw and a drill.People tend to use laser to machine high hardness materials, such as diamond, or baby pacifier.Low power lasers can be cut and welded plastic; high power lasers can cut and weld metal. Early industrial lasers must have very large figure in order to produce enough energy, but novel solid-state lasers are very small.A small size of laser can produce enough energy to cut a few centimeters thick sheet metal.
The second way is to use the laser continuous irradiation target of 10 to 15 seconds, so as to achieve the same damage effect. However, the weak intensity of the laser can be disturbed by atmospheric activities and weather conditions, and its intensity will gradually decay in the long distance transmission.
Another Problems Need to Be Solved For LaserXu Ning believes that 300mw Laser Pointer weapons' ideal power weight ratio should reach 2 to 5 kg / kW level.In contrast, chemical laser weapon "YAL-1A " laser can up to 55 kg / kW, the current synthetic fiber laser weapons and the prototype of DPAL level has reached 35 ~ 40 kg / kw.Zhang Yang believes that from the cold war to the present, the United States has invested a lot of resources development of laser technology, in this respect, they have been a leader of laser weapon in the world.The future of laser weapon power density ratio can achieve 5 kg / kW.
The Bush administration has decided to resume military space laser research, each satellite carrying intercept ballistic missile's laser cannon. In this way, the total number of laser guns in space at the time of the United States to reach at least 4000.The Navy's research shows limits of high energy burning laser beams in coastal waters, and therefore, the effectiveness of laser weapons is limited. The wavelength of the chemical laser is not the best for the coastal environment. Thus, the Navy's high energy laser program changed direction, and in 1995 it stopped working on the feasibility of the chemical laser. The Navy's interest is concentrated in the solid state laser technology, because the application of this technology can make them do not have to deposit high risk chemicals on the ship, but also to avoid the generation of toxic chemicals produced by laser. In order to be able to use laser weapons in the future, the navy has plans to install large power generation equipment on the next generation of aircraft carriers. When the laser weapon developed and improved and produced, it will be deployed and used on these ships.
The air laser cannons is the most popularChemical lasers have also be used at air force , the air force airborne laser project aimed at placing giant chemical laser on a 747 aircraft to shot down ballistic missiles. The improved Boeing 747 had its first flight in 2001, but there were no 100mw Laser Pointer cannons mounted on the aircraft to test its aerodynamic effects. The laser was installed at Boeing 747 aircraft, and after several tests, the whole system is expected to achieve goal of Scud missile . By then, the prototype can be put into operation, then, this monster will be the largest laser weapon so far. The launch of the company's tests show that the laser can generate heat from a fixed position to destroy the missile. The next hurdle to cross is to allow the laser to fly at a speed of 1000 kilometers an hour to finish the same work on a plane that is 12 thousand meters above the ground. Airborne laser will carry enough chemical raw materials.
However, due to the high cost of chemical laser system, the army believes that solid laser technology can provide them with a smaller size, enough to install the system. In 2002, a 10 kW solid energy laser system already in operation, the transmitter laser beam cut three pieces of thick plate of about 3 mm within 6 seconds. Solid state laser project has also attracted the attention of the air force, the air force is currently being discussed whether the system to replace its aircraft on the active chemical lasers.
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The high energy 30000mw Laser weapon is the product of the combination of high power laser weapon and spacecraft. Once the laser weapon found each other it can hit the target immediatelly. Because of its deployment in space, it is a tiger with wings added. Many technical achievements such as laser program are derived from the results of the U.S. military in the cold war period . The US military has been exploring various types of laser weapons.
Laser cannons are the most efficient weapons in PVE. Most of the opinions think that the 200mw Laser Pointer weapon is the best PVE weapons, but the best effective is the difference between. These advantages make laser weapon the best overall performance of the more position . The laser pointer weapon while in use have a lot of difficulty (the most obvious point is on the short distance ), but it can through the corresponding tactics down low adverse effects (such as we are familiar with the distance a kite tactics). To understand more clearly of various burning laser pointer weapons, we need to introduce the following concepts: duration of fire, fire transfer speed, fire interruption interval.
According to the "Aerospace Daily" reported on July29, the U.S. missile defense agency (MDA) did not give up the interception boost phase ballistic missile by using space based laser weapon, they planto develop a high altitude long endurance UAV.
Since the mid-90s of the 20th century, the US has initiated the airborne burning laser (ABL) program, the kinetic energy interceptor (KEI) plan, network center airborne defense unit NCADE etc. a series designed to boost phase intercept the missile defense plan,ABL program was undoubtedly the most sensual with high-energy laser .
In 1996, the U.S. Department of defense give the ABL project team allocated $1 billion 100 million to develop the experimental set of ABL weapons systems. ABL testing machine YAL-1A improved from Boeing 747-400f aircraft, loaded with the latest development of the airborne laser energy weapon, used to destroy in takeoff boost phase state of tactical ballistic missile, the enemy missile to destroy the enemy airspace and territorial. The ABL aircraft equipped with the system has a megawatt class chemical oxygen iodine laser (coil), infrared tracking / high speed target acquisition system and high precision 5000mw Laser target beam tracing control system.
The future of laser weaponAlthough the airborne Attack Laser Pointer program quiet down, but in recent years, the U.S. missile defense agency has been seeking a new generation of airborne lasers which can be carried by the high-altitude uav. The project aims to seek a new way, will be a compact and high efficiency of laser weapons are integrated into the high altitude long endurance UAV will eventually be used to intercept in boost phase ballistic missile. Due to the high altitude long endurance without UAV flight height is very high, so it can avoid the adverse effects of atmospheric environment and the clouds of laser weapons used to the maximum extent.
In 2004, ABL destroyed a ballistic missile successfully. However, after Obama took office, he paid more attention to the development of 300mw Laser Pointer technology. December 2011, the U.S. Department of defense decided to terminate the ABL airborne laser research and development projects. Although the ABL program has been terminated, but through the implementation of the project, the United States in the field of laser technology, energy preparation and beam control were obtained great progress, this is the new airborne laser development has laid a solid foundation.
- http://www.archilovers.com/stories/15841/the-tactical-high-energy-laser-weapon.html
- http://www.professionalontheweb.com/p/w/htpow/160336
With the development of laser technology, laser range finder, laser target indicator and laser beam weapons (which used a ultra Powerful Green Laser )appear rapidly, and all above of them has played an important role in several local wars. An international tribunal in The Hague ruled in favor of the Philippines in a maritime dispute Tuesday, concluding China has no legal basis to claim historic rights to the bulk of the South China Sea.China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia and Brunei all have competing claims over territory in the South China Sea.
Nowadays, there are great changes in the form of war and urban warfare.Variety of weapon comes out, which is particularly important for the protection of personnel .Under this circumstance, the burning laser weapon boarded the stage of history, many countries are committed to the research of vehicle mounted remote control weapon.
The shipboard laser warning technology can be divided into two types: active warning and passive warning. Active laser warning receiver is their own equipment emission laser signal light(which emits a wavelength of 405nm , just like the blue laser pointer we used ordinary) and scanning the target that, through received from the target reflection of laser echo, target detection and investigation; passive laser alarm system itself does not emit any laser alone received from each other to be launched to laser signal detection and warning.
Shipborne burning laser warning system to detect close wavelength coverage of the wavelength of the laser terminal guidance missile(which wavelength is 650nm,the same as the Red Laser Pointer we used ordinary) and aerial bombs and laser ranging device, and has multi target real time detecting and receiving ability, on the pulse repetition frequency ranging, laser beam threats and laser semi-active guidance threat source identification. Shipborne laser warning system mainly consists of a plurality of multi wavelength integrated probe and an information processing device and comprehensive probe has a plurality of optical windows, the along the vessels surrounding tens of meters arrangement, ensure 360 degrees in any direction can detect; comprehensive probe has larger detecting high angle and negative angle, to ensure the incoming air and surface laser irradiation of real time detecting and warning, and to ensure that the ship in the swing state can still meet the elevation angle of the interception function.
Products that use laser energy come in many sizes, shapes and forms. What they have in common is a laser which stores energy from a source, such as, an electrical discharge, chemical reaction or powerful optical illumination that releases the energy as light.
Laser Pointer have received a great deal of attention in the news media when they have been misused and they continue to raise safety concerns regarding the optical hazards involved when using one. However, they are very safe when used for their intended purpose which is often as an aid in oral presentations and similar applications.
More recently, even brighter burning laser have been developed that produce green light at 532 nm. This newer technology uses a frequency-doubled Neodymium:YAG laser with a blocked infrared component to produce the light. Since the human eye is about 50 times more sensitive to green light at 532 nm than to red light at 640 nm, the green laser beams appear to be very much brighter when in reality they are at about the same output power as the red/orange laser beams. An advantage of the green laser pointers is that the beam itself can be seen in the air and not just the spot on the target hit by the beam.
The blue laser does get warm and I wouldn’t leave it running for extra-long periods as with many other devices that output so much power. It does have a focus ring thing, but I feel like it is breaking every time I used it. Overall though, I feel this is an amazing buy and do recommend it if you’re looking to get a powerful laser easily. Get it while you can!
In order to use a laser pointer in a safe manner, follow the rules below:
Do not point a 200mw Green Laser at shiny/mirror-like surfaces like polished metal or glass.The reflected beam can hit you or someone else in the eye.
Ensure that the laser is inactivated (the button is not pressed) when facing an audience during a presentation. It should only be activated when facing the screen or board.
In summary, laser pointers are very useful tools but they must always be used responsibly. If you have any questions about laser pointer , just google "htpow".
http://www.woostergrapevine.com/blog/view/id_20363/
